The Medieval Gothic Cathedral Essay -- European History Architecture E

The Medieval Gothic CathedralThe medieval Gothic duomo was in many ways a civic building as well as a religious one. This particularly was the case with the famous cathedral Notre-Dame de Chartres (Our Lady of Chartres) in the town of the selfsame(prenominal) name, 80km south-east of Paris, built in the 13th century. Chartres cathedral was planned not only as a place of worship, but also developed as the centre of the towns economy and way of life, as the place that housed the relic of the cloak of the Virgin Mary. The local citizens assisted the building of the cathedral by providing the labour, giving nutriment to the workers and donating money to pay for its construction. The architecture of the cathedral dominated the town in the way that modern skyscrapers are the centre civic buildings today. Many of the decorations in the cathedral such as the thousands of sculptures and beautiful stained glass windows were donated by guilds and tradespeople of the town. People visited Chart res for the fairs held on the feasts of the Virgin, a major place for trade. Townspeople also used the lofty cathedral and its grounds for business.Medieval cathedrals such as Chartres show the strength and majesty of the Catholic church. The original Romanesque cathedral in Chartres that was built in the eleventh century burned down in a fervidness in 1134. The cathedral was then rebuilt in the gothic style, but then another fire destroyed all except the towers and the west front in 1194. (See Hallam & Everard 2001) The new Gothic cathedral was regarded as one of the first examples of High Gothic architecture. at that place was a genuine desire, of course, to build places of worship and prayer and to build a cathedral as a way to pay homage to God. However, the catholic... ...ey, A. 1922, Medieval France A Companion to French Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UKVon Simpson, O. 1988, The Gothic Cathedral Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval concept of Orde r, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey USAWison, C. 1990, The Gothic Cathedral The Architecture of the smashing Church 1130-1530, Thames and Hudson, Singaporehttp//art.ranken.edu/borchardt/archistI/Course%20stuff/Medieval/medieval.htm, accessed 13/04/04Classical Architectural History Lesson, subheading The New CathedralsHalsall, P. 1988, http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1210chartres.html, accessed 13/04/04Halsall, P. 1988http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1224chartres.html, accessed 13/04/04Ingersoll, R. 1995, rice University Cities and Historyhttp//www.owlnet.rice.edu/arch343/lecture9.html, accessed 13/04/04

Piagets Cognitive Theory Essay -- piaget piagets psychology developme

Psychology Piagets Cognitive TheoryCognitive development is the development of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Historically, the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests. An example of this is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient test. IQ scoring is based on the concept of mental age, according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence match his or her age. IQ tests are widely used in the United States, but they have been criticized for defining intelligence too narrowly. In contrast to the emphasis placed on a childs inbred abilities by intelligence testing, learning possibleness grew out of work by behaviorist researchers such as John Broadus Watson and B.F. Skinner, who argued that children are completely malleable. Learning theory focuses on the role of environmental factors in shaping the int elligence of children, especially on a childs ability to learn by having authoritative behaviors rewarded and others discouraged. During the 1920s, a biologist named Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development of children. He caused a new revolution in view about how thinking develops. In 1984, Piaget observed that children understand concepts and reason differently at different stages. Piaget stated childrens cognitive strategies, which are used to solve problems, reflect an interaction amidst the childs current developmental stage and experience in the world.Piaget was originally trained in areas of biology and philosophy and considered himself a kinetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beings from other animals is our ability to do abstract symbolic reasoning. Piagets theory, first base published in 1952, grew out of decades of extensive observation of children, including his own, in their natural environments as opposed to the laboratory experiments of the behaviorists. Although Piaget was interested in how children reacted to their environment, he proposed knowledge as composed of schemas, basic units of knowledge used to organize past experiences and serve as a basis for understanding new ones. Schemas are continually being modified by two complementar... ...ings different from theirs. Furthermore, they give the sack understand situations from the viewpoints of others. Intelligence is characterized by number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, and volume. They can perform logical operations in relation to concrete external objects. They can now decipher their thinking, or focus on more than one dimension of a stimulus at a maven time. They cannot solve abstract or hypothetical problems, however.Piagets fourth and final stage, the formal operations stage, takes place from 11 or 12 to 18 and beyond. In early adolescent years, the devel opment of the ability to reversibility and conservation to abstract, verbal, and hypothetical situations takes place. They overly begin to make speculations about what might happen in the future. Adolescents are also capable of formulating and testing hypotheses, and dealing with abstract concepts like probability, ratio, and proportion. In this stage start the perception of analogies and the use of complex language forms such as metaphors and sarcasm. Teenagers can comprehend philosophy and politics and formulate theories of their own. Abstract concepts and moral values become as important as concrete objects.

Performance Assessment Essay -- essays papers

Performance perspicacity Not since the development of the objective paper and pencil test early in the century has an assessment rule hit the American educational motion-picture show with such force as has performance assessment methodology in the nineties. Performance assessment relies on teacher observation and lord judgment to bunk inferences about student operation. The reasons for the intense interest in an assessment methodology can be summarized as follows During the mid-eighties important new curriculum look for and development efforts at school district, state, national and university levels began to provide new insights into the complexity of just about of our most valued achievement targets. We came to represent the multidimensionality of what it means to be a proficient reader, writer, and math or science problem solver, for example. With these and other enhanced visions of the complex nature of the meaning of pedantic success came a sense of the want of the traditional multiple choice test. Educators began to embrace the reality that some targets, like complex reasoning, skill demonstration and harvest-time development, require--dont merely permit--the use of subjective, faultfinding(prenominal) means of assessment. One simply cannot assess the ability to write well, communicate effectively in a plump for language, work cooperatively on a team, and complete science laboratory work in a quality manner using the traditional selected result modes of assessment. As a result, we have witnessed a virtual stampede of teachers, administrators and educational policy makers to embrace performance assessment. In short, educators have become as haunt with performance assessment in the 1990s as we were with the multiple choice tests for 60 years. Warnings from the assessment community (Dunbar, Kortez, and Hoover, 1991) about the potential dangers of invalidity and unreliability of incautiously developed subjective assessments not unaccom panied have often gone unheeded, but by and large they have gone unheard. Now that we are a decade into the performance assessment movement, however, some of those quality control lessons have begun to take hold. Assessment specialists have begun to articulate in terms that practitioners can figure the rules of evidence for the development and use of risque quality performance assessments (e.g. Messick, 1994). As a result, we are well i... ... student performance in specific donnish disciplines. If and when such opportunities arise, thorough training is immanent for all who are to serve in this capacity. If the teachers issuing this invitation have developed or gleaned from their professional literature peachy visions of the meaning of academic success, have modify them into quality criteria and provide quality training for all who are to observe and evaluate student performance, this can be a very rewarding professional experience. If these standards are not met, it is wise to urge (and perhaps help with) a redevelopment of the assessment. The third and final tangency for counselors is as an evaluator of students within the setting of the guidance function, observing and judging academic or affective student characteristics. In this case, the counselor will be both the developer and user of the assessment and mustiness know how to adhere to the above mentioned standards of assessment quality. For all of these reasons, it is advisable for school guidance and counseling personnel to understand when this methodology is likely to be reclaimable and when it is not and how to design and develop sound performance assessments. Performance Assessment Essay -- essays papersPerformance Assessment Not since the development of the objective paper and pencil test early in the century has an assessment method hit the American educational scene with such force as has performance assessment methodology in the 1990s. Performance assessme nt relies on teacher observation and professional judgment to draw inferences about student achievement. The reasons for the intense interest in an assessment methodology can be summarized as follows During the 1980s important new curriculum research and development efforts at school district, state, national and university levels began to provide new insights into the complexity of some of our most valued achievement targets. We came to understand the multidimensionality of what it means to be a proficient reader, writer, and math or science problem solver, for example. With these and other enhanced visions of the complex nature of the meaning of academic success came a sense of the insufficiency of the traditional multiple choice test. Educators began to embrace the reality that some targets, like complex reasoning, skill demonstration and product development, require--dont merely permit--the use of subjective, judgmental means of assessment. One simply cannot assess the ability t o write well, communicate effectively in a second language, work cooperatively on a team, and complete science laboratory work in a quality manner using the traditional selected response modes of assessment. As a result, we have witnessed a virtual stampede of teachers, administrators and educational policy makers to embrace performance assessment. In short, educators have become as obsessed with performance assessment in the 1990s as we were with the multiple choice tests for 60 years. Warnings from the assessment community (Dunbar, Kortez, and Hoover, 1991) about the potential dangers of invalidity and unreliability of carelessly developed subjective assessments not only have often gone unheeded, but by and large they have gone unheard. Now that we are a decade into the performance assessment movement, however, some of those quality control lessons have begun to take hold. Assessment specialists have begun to articulate in terms that practitioners can understand the rules of evidence for the development and use of high quality performance assessments (e.g. Messick, 1994). As a result, we are well i... ... student performance in specific academic disciplines. If and when such opportunities arise, thorough training is essential for all who are to serve in this capacity. If the teachers issuing this invitation have developed or gleaned from their professional literature refined visions of the meaning of academic success, have transformed them into quality criteria and provide quality training for all who are to observe and evaluate student performance, this can be a very rewarding professional experience. If these standards are not met, it is wise to urge (and perhaps help with) a redevelopment of the assessment. The third and final contact for counselors is as an evaluator of students within the context of the guidance function, observing and judging academic or affective student characteristics. In this case, the counselor will be both the developer an d user of the assessment and must know how to adhere to the above mentioned standards of assessment quality. For all of these reasons, it is advisable for school guidance and counseling personnel to understand when this methodology is likely to be useful and when it is not and how to design and develop sound performance assessments.

Arabs in the Media: Victim or Villain? Essay example -- Argumentative

Arabs in the Media Victim or Villain? For decades, the media depicting of the Arab goal and Islam has contributed to a skewed public opinion in America. Looking closely at the news reportage concerning the Middle East and the United States, there is an integral media bias against Arabs and Muslims as foreign threats to domestic security. Stephen Franklin argues that Islamic nations are often portrayed in news reports as uniformly intolerant and anti-democratic (Franklin 17). Unfortunately, such coverage has contributed to the public and government misconceptions of all Arabs and Muslims as terrorists. According to Fawaz Gerges, terrorism has emerged as one of the most important political issues in the United States...linking it to Islamic militancy... (Gerges 79). Moreover, the medias skewed depiction of the Arabs and Muslims has perpetuated countless stereotypes that undoubtedly affect the American opinion. These stereotypes and misconceptions of the Arabs and Muslims clearly indicate a media bias provoked by ignorance and ethnocentricity. The elite medias role in the portrayal of the Arab culture and Islam following the Oklahoma City onslaught has had adetrimental effect on Americas public opinion, investigation proceedings, and government action. Once word of the Oklahoma City bombing reached the Associated Press and major American publications, journalists were quick to point the finger of guilt at Muslim fundamentalism. The Western perspective of the Middle East is a drab one. The Muslims are looked at as ruthless and barbaric people, inclined to kill and destroy. Steven Emerson, a so-called expert featured on CBS Evening News, suggested that there must be some inherent cultural trait behind... ...people.virginia.edu/sy5u/Bias.html Works Cited Bazzi, Mohamad. The Arab Menace, The Progressive. Vol 59, n8. August 1995. P40. Franklin, Stephen. Covering the World of Muslims, Columbia Journalism Review. Vol 33, Iss 5. Jan 1995. p17 Gerges, Fawaz A. Islam and Muslims in the Mind of America Influences on the Making of US Policy, Journal of Palestine Studies. Vol XXVI, no2. Winter 1997, p68-77. Hernandez, Debra Gersh. Religious Stereotyping By The Media, Editor & Publisher. Vol 117, Iss 36. 3 Sept 1994. p16-17. Lacayo, Richard. How Safe is Safe?. Time. 1 may 1995. p68-72. Rosewicz, Barbara. Terrorism Hits Home US Building Bombed Dead Include Children. The Wall Street Journal. 20 April 1995. A1, A6 . Thomas, Pierre and Ann Devroy. Clinton Condemns Evil Cowards for Blast. The Washington Post. 20 April 1995. A1, A24.

Frederich Neitzche :: essays research papers

Neitzche once wrote He who strays from tradition becomes a sacrifice to the extraordinary. It might be said that this was a reflection of himself. Obviously a true romantic, his love for nature and humanity, even the sheer disgust he had for Christianity. All of his essays and writings equate his strong feelings about Romanticism. Frederich Neitzche was best known for his observations of humankind and their nature. It was commendable that he was passionate about his philosophical writings and his pre-Socratic thinking. Neitzche wrote about everything from life to death, and everything he wrote held a special importance to him.As a young boy, Frederich suffered a lot more than an average child although he was brilliant. He had a very bad and lonely childhood, because of the hardships he experienced. Many of which inspired him to his later writings. At a tender age of seven, Neitzches father, a pastor, passed away. After being sick for several(prenominal) year with painful dizzy sp ells, he died. This event both traumatized and stimulated the young Neitzche. He became obsessed with death and its related theories such as suffering, profligacy of the brain, death, burial, and graves. As he grew up Neitzche realized he had inherited his fathers ailment, he became physically weak though this did not deplete his strong will. But Frederich was drafted into the army, he was sent off to the war between Germany and France. While in war, he fell off his horse, and was discharged from the army because of injury. This was relieving. Neitzche then began to stand control in his life. he began to drink, to go to parties and to go out all the time. But it became to intense for him and his illness could not stand it. After a a couple of(prenominal) months of this he left his debauchery, renounced life, wandered into a corner and resumed his solitary seat he had held most of his life. Furthermore, he despised himself greatly. He went to the mountains and began to think about the events of the war. He asked questions homogeneous what is the meaning of all this suffering? Where was the eternal glory of existence as preached by the prophets? He could find no answers and eventually came up with the theory graven image is dead, or Atheism.After thinking and developing his philosophies he compiled it and wrote several essays, one of which is The Anti-Christ, based on his theories about the Catholic religion and God or the lack thereof.

Frederich Neitzche :: essays research papers

Neitzche once wrote He who strays from tradition becomes a sacrifice to the extraordinary. It capacity be said that this was a reflection of himself. Obviously a true romantic, his love for nature and humanity, even the sheer disgust he had for Christianity. All of his essays and literature represent his strong feelings about Romanticism. Frederich Neitzche was best known for his observations of humankind and their nature. It was commendable that he was passionate about his philosophical writings and his pre-Socratic thinking. Neitzche wrote about e precisething from life to death, and everything he wrote held a special importance to him.As a young boy, Frederich suffered a lot more than an average child although he was brilliant. He had a very sad and lonely childhood, because of the hardships he experienced. Many of which inspired him to his later writings. At a tender age of seven, Neitzches father, a pastor, passed away. After being hurl for several year with painful dizzy spe lls, he died. This event both traumatized and stimulated the young Neitzche. He became obsessed with death and its related theories such as suffering, disintegration of the brain, death, burial, and graves. As he grew up Neitzche realized he had inherited his fathers ailment, he became physically weak though this did not play out his strong will. But Frederich was drafted into the army, he was sent off to the war between Germany and France. While in war, he fell off his horse, and was discharged from the army because of injury. This was relieving. Neitzche thence began to lose control in his life. he began to drink, to go to parties and to go out all the time. But it became to intense for him and his illness could not stand it. After a few months of this he left his debauchery, renounced life, wandered into a corner and resumed his solitary seat he had held most of his life. Furthermore, he despised himself greatly. He went to the mountains and began to think about the events of th e war. He asked questions like what is the meaning of all this suffering? Where was the eternal glory of existence as preached by the prophets? He could find no answers and eventually came up with the opening idol is dead, or Atheism.After thinking and developing his philosophies he compiled it and wrote several essays, one of which is The Anti-Christ, based on his theories about the Catholic religion and God or the lack thereof.

The History Boys Comedy Essay

The History Boys Essay 13. Brilliantly leery. alone by the end, tears are as near as laughter. To what extent smoke we read The History boys as comedy? One of the key factors that makes the History Boys such an iconic reanimate is its witty comedic effect throughout the entire book. exploitation various techniques, such as parody, contrasting characters and clever juxtapositions within the plot, intelligent metaphors, bathos and many more.But at first glance the tarradiddle boys could seem a typical dramatic themed book with a group of characters restricted almost entirely to a single location and a short period of sequence however looking deeper into the play you begin to nonice the comedy reveal before your eyes. Within Hectors French lesson, the juxtaposition of Hectors character immediately contrasts that of the headmasters as soon as he walks in.Hectors strangeness and open-minded character contrasted with the headmasters strict adherence to rules, regulations and form alities with Hector interrupting the headmasters dialogue Mr Hector, I hope Im not. . . with the informal gesture that is an admonitory finger. The use of the admonitory there comically reverses the power balance between the two characters, with Hector playfully showing that he has authority in his lessons, much to the dishonor of the headmaster who feels both humiliate and take exceptiond enough to try and speak French and keep up with the students.The Headmaster finds difficulty in speaking French, having to hesitate and show non- fluency features in Pourqoui cet garcon . . . Dakin , isnt it? . . .est sans ses trousers? having to switch back to English with simple words trousers for lack of knowledge showing low confidence which brings amusement to the boys and to the audience. The headmaster is a subject of fraudulence because of his unlikable character.This unlikable character is emphasised later in the book with the Headmaster using the word silliness to describe the exe rcise that Hector had do the boys take part in and then taking back what he had said, saying not silliness showing that he is hypocritical with what he says to the boys in order to encourage them with their studies, which he only says to allow himself to set about his school higher up in the league tables Yes, yes. I know that, Dorothy. But I am thinking league tables. Furthermore the fact the French scene is allowed to go ahead in lessons demonstrates the boys and Hector are willing to cheekily challenge and mock authority figures with their lore, all knowing French to a better degree than the Headmaster. The use of ma tante creates bathos for the pretend character with tante showing despair for ideas to keep the lie going. The following questioning sa tante? by the Headmaster and Timms reply of la famille entiere as if the headmaster missed something embarrassingly obvious adds to the comedy because the boys aggroup up with severally other to justify and ridicule the headm aster.Irwins unexpected input of Il est commotionne, peut-etre? is another example of Bennetts clever character juxtapositions but also of using unexpected events to contrast what was being done before it, with the stage directions of the classroom falls silent suggesting that the boys found it rude and out of mastermind for Irwin to but in. The language fall silent contrasts with the hectic and the loud situation that occurred before it, using Irwins awkwardness to change the tone of the scene. Hector not knowing what the word means and using the interrogative comment? adds to this awkwardness.There are many important scenes throughout this book where you domiciliate feel the comedy flow through even though some may say it shouldnt be used while writing about certain topics, including the scene in which Hector and the Head master are discussing the matter of a manfiddling. In this scene I really agree with the question in whether the tarradiddle boys is seen as a comedy as y ou cant help but thinking Bennet may have used some of the characters personality traits to bring a humorous feel to a dark subject but not to make an audience laugh out loud needed but instead to make them feel uncomfortable with inappropriate laughter. Ah think Hector once again in the book uses his quick wit and news to frustrate the headmaster giving a sarcastic response to a question the headmaster clearly wants answering and for him not to use his poetry and intelligence to get him out of a situation as he normally would do so. I have no idea. What women know or dont know has always been a mystery to me. using the word women hector tries to relate to the audience and make a remark about men and women in general, suggesting that does any man know what women do or dont know which may have been intended to make the audience laugh and lend them wondering hy Hector isnt taking this matter seriously and is instead making jokes, showing how time and having a modern audience viewi ng this brings shock to us as issues such as this would been taking much more seriously and probably involved police but the headmaster is more stressed about how the school may come across if he has to fire Hector then the actual behaviour that he has displayed I do not want to sack you. Its so untidy. The use of historically lucubrate of a war battle is another way Bennett creates humour in the play but is also Bennet showing off how the boys will use their intelligence in almost all situations even sex, using around 2300 hours our forces withdrew as metaphorical euphemisms for Dakins activities with Fiona, here bennet uses contrast in showing the not so exciting historical details with the exciting details of his own sex life. Bathos is applied when Dakin breaks off from his metaphor and uses the word tits and then cuts back into using his military jargon such as front-line military man and territory. As Dakin goes further and further into detail Scripps makes a final comment on the matter I cant take any more. decorous adds a final touch of humour to the matter as the audience can tell that Scripps is both jealous and disgusted at what he is hearing. Also highlighting the fact that he is deeply religious but also a teenager and the contradiction between the two of wanting to have sex and not wanting to displease God by doing so. The use of a historical metaphor is showing just how the boys will use anything that they can to make an intelligent joke.One of the history boys many strengths is its portrayal of the various individuals in the play. Using passing contrasting personalities emphasizes the individuality and adjudicate of each character. One character that specifically stands out is Dakin, possibly the most socially dominant boy of the class and one of the most comical characters, helping the history boys to be seen as a comedy rather then a drama. Dakin is popular boy in his class, even in the whole school. He is, extremely witty.He is the mos t complicated and mysterious character throughout the play and only shows whats on the surface, he does not show his emotions but his main purpose is to use his wit and desire to entertain and amuse the people around him. Even Mrs. Lintott says that he is . Instead of being bad or naughty corresponding normal teenagers, he plays with others and tests the people around him to create a comedic effect. We can see it through his love story. Even though he has a descent with Fiona, a chool staff, he flirts with Irwin for he thinks that Irwin might be homosexual and would like to go out having some drink with him he might be effeminate yet, he does that just for fun, just for saying thank to Irwin, and just for answering his curiosity about Irwins way of life. There is also another funny scene later on in the play where the boys receive a piece of work from Irwin. Dakin is annoyed to find he hasnt receives a skinny mark off his teacher which he longs to impress.Scripps comments on ho w his writing has changed to be like Irwins, Dakin denies it but then Posner, who has always had a crush on him, says you facsimile him and I know because I copy you. It shows another comedic moment in the book because it shows how Posners complete obsession with Dakin And how the other boys can just disband this behaviour as normal to them suggesting that the environment they grow up in has a lot of unusual behaviour in it.This is fundamentally a very funny book. The level of quickness of wit displayed definitely suggest that the history boys is a comedy with no doubt and that Bennets main aim was to show the lifestyle of A level adolescents making their final steps to adulthood before university with many serious and controversial subjects throughout using humour to allow these matters to be downplayed and create a fascinating and a memorable book. WORD COUNT 1499 (minus the title and question quote)

Rewarding System Coca Cola

Rewarding system For the Coca Cola Company it is important to stomach well the employees. Furthermore rewarding is also important because it contributes on the employees acts. Coca Cola uses two rewarding system based on * function * performance Coca Cola rewards its employees through the function reward system. For the blue-collar workers the reward is based according to the length of service. For the white-collar workers, the higher you beginning in the power structure the more the percentage rises. There is a degree structure created by functions. An external agency makes the job description and weighs it.Then points be given for each function. For specimen Function/Category Points A 250 B 200190180 C 165152 D 140 Employees are also reward based on their performance. The two rewarding systems are the Financial and the Relational. On the monetary aspects you have the pay and the benefits. On the relational aspect you have learning & development and the work environment. Emplo yees care about financial rewards but nowadays they also want relational rewards. They want to be developed (training & development), recognition and work in a good working environment.The delineation below shows an overview of the rewarding system. Financial rewards Coca cola offers fringe benefits such as * Company car * Pension plan * Disability (when someone is reproduce & has to stay at home) * Medical insurance (for employees and family) * Share purchase plan * Wellbeing initiatives (discounts on season tickets, cinema tickets,) * Flexible working time * meal vouchers Benchmarking Coca cola conks its wages to match those of competing companies. The company does Benchmarking. It buys studies of companies. The company makes surveys for wage request to have an idea.It compares with those of large multinationals. Because Coca cola wants to be number 1 the top performance. Some of those multinationals are Procter & Gamble, Unilver, Danone Pay rise Employees can get pay rise aft er a feedback discussion about their performances. The pay rise is based on 2 aspects * Performances (Matrix) * Points (by socio-economic class) On the table you can see how an employee starts and evolves. At the end if he is performing well he can get pay rise. Fase ontwikkelen vakvolwassene groeien v v v de werknemer begint martktconform betalen wn doet meer dan wat er van hem verwacht wordt. - tijd voor promotie + boven betalen For the payments Coca Cola uses the Merit Matrix Exempts. The more you go to the right the break the employee is paid. The highest is the Exceeds. The more you go below the lower you get paid. ontogeny range At Market range High to Market range Exceeds Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Meets & Exceeds Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Meets Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Meets Some / Developing Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Does Not Meet 0% 0% 0%As I mentioned before each function/category has its points. When you grow in a category you rise with %. The maximum rise (from D) = a little bit more than the minimum above (C). F/C Points Benefits A 250 Bonus, company car B 200190180 Bonus, company car C - ABOVE - MARKT BELOW 165152 Company car D 140 commission The wages differences are mostly based on the employees function. But differences are also based according to the length of service.

Five-Year Career Development Paper Essay

Every year millions of college students worldwide graduate from college in hopes of obtaining a position in their career field of choice however a lot of these students do not have a plan of action to real help them find their career and achieve their goals. So much emphasis is put on college graduates going out and finding a job, barely little focus is put on helping them find a career. A five year career plan is a road occasion that allows for progress tracking, and development of solutions or alternate courses of action (Crump, 2009). From individualisedised experience I have realized that the chances of achieving my personal and career goals are increased of I actually write them out as a plan. In this paper I will discuss my career goals and objectives, my current knowledge and skills that I currently possess in my future career, the steps that I will take in order to meet my career goals, and any possible barriers that may hold themselves in the path to me completing the se goals.Currently I am a front desk clerk and personal trainer at fittingness Systems, a in private owned fittingness center in South Sacramento. Since it is a clear business and only consists of five employees, chances of promoting indoors the business are dispirited. However I have used my experience from working the front counter and interacting with members of the gym, to help promote my presence of being a trainer. Also, working at Fitness Systems has allowed me to pick up the procedures and responsibilities that it takes to run a self-made business. Statistics show that most small businesses will fail in between 1-3 years from the initial startup clip thence I am trying to absorb as much information as possible so that I dont fall into the resembling category.In order to manage a successful career it is important to develop an exceptional method of thinking strategically and exceptional execution skills. twist upon my skills in these areas will help me to achieve m y long term goals. In all organizations, it is important that management sets goals for employees in accordance with the goals of the organization. When I point-blank my fitness center, one of the main things that I want to stress among my employees (trainers), is strong communication skills. If management and staff arent on the same page, there will be an abundance of errors withinthe organization. If certain skills are lacking within employees, it is the responsibility of management to identify these weaknesses and find a resolution such as training, to work on the issues.As a way to help kick start my five year career development plan, I have put together a list of some of my short term and long term career goals. My short term goals include improving upon my current skills as a personal trainer and gain experience in specific areas such as nutrition, so that I will be prepared to take on the image of being the owner of my own Personal Training Company. My personal short term goals include the following increasing my knowledge in anatomy, improve upon my dexterity to map out an effective workout plan for clients, improve upon my communication skills, obtain my business degree in management, network with other local personal trainers, and gain more hands on personal training experience by recruiting more clients.My personal long term career goal is open a private fitness center that enables clients and their trainers to schedule one on one sessions in the center without having to worry about the crowds that usually plague mercenary fitness centers. This goal will be achieved by the summer of 2012. My plan is to continue being a part time trainer for now, graduate with my BS in Business Management, enter and complete the MBA marketing program at the University of Phoenix, and then work on opening up my fitness center.Owning a successful business requires that you build strong relationships with your clients/customers, their families, and the surrounding communities. Maintaining a positive stance and reputation in the community that you serve, determines if youre company will be successful. In order to promote myself within the community, I have created business cards that describe the service that I provide and my contact information. I have excessively spoken to the founder and CEO (Plashette Robinson), of a local journal called the Sacramento Cultural Hub. Sacramento Cultural Hub is a Sacramento based journal that spotlights small businesses owned by minorities in Northern California.Ms. Robinson has agreed to post a small feature aboutme in her journal. This feature will include a photo of me, current attributions to the community, my educational background, my career field of choice, and my opinion on different health/fitness related issues that are plaguing our society and communities. I see that Sacramento Cultural Hub, along with my personal efforts, will help give me the exposure that I need to earn a good reputation wit hin the community.As I mentioned earlier in this writing, actually mapping out a plan will help increase the chances of all objectives and goals being met. at a lower place is a chart that displays my Five-Year Career Development plan on a year-to-year basis.Intermediate Steps Over the Next Five Years to Reach My GoalFor MeFor my executive program/others who will support meYear OneFocus on school and earn my degree in Business Management by March 2010.Feedback from my peers and professors.Year TwoComplete the MBA Marketing program at UOP. Attend courses for first time business owners and begin looking for high traffic locations for my Fitness Center. Network with various promotional outlets.Feedback from my peers and professors.Seek advice from the owner of Fitness Systems in regards to opening a small business.Year ThreeActively recruit sensible Personal Trainers in the Sacramento area. Open the Fitness Center in the summer of 2012. Network with other small business owners. Setu p commercials spots with Sacramento area radio stations.Network with friends and family in order to swear out me with finding local certified Personal Trainers.Year FourContinue to actively recruit Personal Trainers. Continue promotion via radio and other outlets.N/AYear FiveConsider possible methods of expanding services beyond Sacramento.N/A*Five-Year Career Plan Chart template retrieved from mpiweb.orgRegardless of how well thought out a plan may be, there is always some kind of pro tempore barrier that may be encountered. In relation to my career plan, two potential barriers that I predict may take place are time management issues between my professional and personal life and a further downturn in our nations thriftiness. Both of these issues can definitely take a shit a change in the objectives and goals for my business. However, the matter of time management can easily be tweaked if any issues shall arise and any issues in relation to the economy will have to be solved on a day to day basis. Both of the barriers mentioned above are vital, but they are issues that all small business ownerss struggle and deal with.In conclusion, I have shared my five-year career development plan. This plan will help assist me in achieving my career goals and at the same time help me in meeting some of my personal goals as well. Creating a development plan will assist in maximizing the potentials of an individual in the workplace. A career development plan not only helps to keep me motivated and focused it also helps in providing the confident feeling that will in turn help me take charge of my career.ReferencesCrump, Jocelyn. (2009). Five-Year Career Plan. Retrieved July 30, 2009 from http//www.stc.org/confproceed/1994/PDFs/PG163164.PDFFive-Year Career Plan Template. (2009) Retrieved August 1, 2009 fromhttp//www.mpiweb.org/CMS/uploadedFiles/Career_Development/Five-Year%20Plan.doc

Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson Essay

The lives and whole shebang of Elizabeth Barrett browning and Emily Dickinson may be different in many ways, but there are existential treads that bind these dickens people together by similarities. Elizabeth brown became famous while she was alive and was very influential opposed to Emily Dickinson who became famous for her poems after she died. In the eighteenth ace C two of the finest poets Elizabeth Barrett browning and Emily Dickinson are two people who are close in certain aspects but completely different item-by-items.Thus, enumerateing kabbalisticer into each individuals lives and works will give us a better perception on these two poets. The Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett toasting was born in 1806, treat 6th Durham, England, and was the oldest child out of twelve children (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). Elizabeths father, Edward Barrett, was a businessman who was very wealthy from many sugar plantations in Jamaica (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). As a child, Elizabet h wrote her first earliest known poem for her mothers birth sidereal day and for her fifteenth birthday her father had one of her poems privately printed.This poem was The dispute of Marathon (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). Elizabeth experienced her first sorrow in 1828 when her mother Mary suddenly died (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). By the time Elizabeth had moved to London, her health was pathetic and she suffered from a spinal injury and rendern signs of a lung condition but was never diagnosed (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). However in these conditions Elizabeth never seemed to give up her love for poetry. curtly after Elizabeths brother, Edward, drowned in a boating accident on his way back to London (Elizabeth Barrett Browning).Feeling responsible for his death, Elizabeth became a cave man and practically an invalid rarely leaving her room (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). This characteristic made Elizabeth similar to Emily Dickinson in the way that they are both easily moved(p) by a tragic incident in their lives, resulting in the act of isolating themselves from others. Elizabeths work brought her the man that would eventually woo, win, and marry her Robert Browning (Elizabeth Barrett Browning).Robert became so impressed with Elizabeths work that he wrote to her and all over the course of the next few months, he and Elizabeth wrote to each other almost every day until they finally met on May 20, 1845, where they discovered that they were already in love (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). More letters (over 500 in all) and visits continued until the two were on the QT married on September 12, 1846 (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). The newlyweds fled to Florence, her father never forgave her, and she found herself disinherited.She and her father never reconciled (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). Elizabeth and Robert remained in Italy for the remainder of their lives and had a indulge boy, Penini in 1849 (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). In 1850, Elizabeths Sonnets from the Portuguese were published. Although they had been written as a private gift to Robert, her husband was so moved by the cardinal sonnets the he felt they should not be hidden from the world and published them, making the collection stand as her greatest well-known achievement (Elizabeth Barrett Browning).Elizabeth died on June, 29, 1861, and was buried in Florence (Elizabeth Barrett Browning). Likewise, Emily Dickinsons writing was similar to Browning in the way that she crafted a new type of first someone persona (Wider). Like the speakers in Brownings works, Dickinsons are sharp-sighted observers who see the inescapable limitations of their societies as well as their imagined and imaginable escapes (Wider). In 1890, four years after Dickinsons death, the first volume of her poetry appeared (Wider).Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massach riding habittts (Wider). Emilys father at the time of her birth was an ambitious young lawyer, and was educated at Amherst and Yale. He returned to his hometown and joined the ailing law practice of his father, Samuel Fowler Dickinson (Wider). Edward joined his father in the family home, built by Samuel in 1813 (Wider). Active in the Whig Party, Edward was elected to the Massachusetts Start Legislature (1837-1839) and the Massachusetts State Senate (1842-1843) (Wider).Little was known of Emilys mother (Wider). She oftentimes represented as a passive wife of a domineering husband (Wider). Emily wasnt the only child of Edward and Emily Dickinson she also had a brother William capital of Texas Dickinson and a sister Livinia Norcross Dickinson (Wider). All three children attended the one-room primary school in Amherst and then moved on to Amherst Academy, the school out of which Amherst College had grown (Wider). Futhermore, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was the most respected woman poet of the Victorian age (Burlinson).By 1900, she was better known as the heroine of a turbulent love story than as a prolific and successful writer (Burlinson). Browning was an experimental writer who felt sufficiently comfortable working(a) within poetic convention to disrupt and edict it to her own ends (Burlinson). Elizabeth was known for writing sonnets, allegories, ballads, political odes, love poems, occasional verses, poetic dramas, and an epic, as well as essays in literary criticism and a transmutation of Aeschylus (Burlinson).Her greatest poetic success was in the sonnets from the Portuguese as stated above in Elizabeths biography. Elizabeth poured all her profound thoughts into these sonnets and yet the exquisiteness if the mould has compelled a rigorous pruning alike of superabundant vision, which has had the happiest affect (Arnold). One of her best known poems from 1850 is The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims Point, an impassioned protest against thraldom in which a black woman the rape victim of her white master, murders her child (Burlinson).The rage and grief of the woman chillingly conveyed in the first-person narrative (Burlinson). Elizabeth held a deep belief that poetry could change attitudes toward the world, and indeed it did. Her poem The yell of the Children caused a sensational reaction that caused public reform in a protest against the working conditions of children (Burlinson). In fact, Elizabeth is one of the greatest sonnet writers in our language, and she is worthy enough to be ranked side by side with Milton and Wordsworth (Arnold).Elizabeth has managed to touch all the head teacher human relationships and when she touched them, it was always in a noble manner and severe simplicity which is greatly preferred to be her most luscious and liberal versification (Arnold). Unlike Elizabeth, Emily seemed to be more reclusive with her aliveness and at a young age Emily went into seclusion, resulting in her not socially maturing. Emily also avoided doing routine post work or other normal daily activities because she like being alone to dream and use her imagination (Southworth).Many readers believe that by scheme the realities of everyday life, Emily was able to find the greater reality in the realm of imagination (Southworth). Despite being lonely and frustrated she never out grew adolescence and this seemed to show in her poetry (Southworth). Her writings showed that she was not capable of grasping the joy of reality and that she really didnt have a true understanding of life challenges (Southworth). Like Elizabeth, Emilys poems were meant to be and experience, to render experiences as well as refer to it (Ryan). For Emily the living presence is the poem itself.If it is not intermediately between the poet and the reader, it is the affair alive the reader experiences (Ryan). Dickinson was a master at grammar, rhythm, rhetoric, and narrative. A master of the inextricable, intricate, intimate and constantly shifting, interrelationships among them (Ryan). Emily Dickinson wrote nearly 1800 poems, but only sevener were published in her lifetime. When the first posthumous collection of her work appeared in 1890, she was regarded as an interesting but idiosyncratic minor poet. As the twentieth cytosine has progressed, however, her poetic achievement has won interesting recognition (Tredell).Dickinson nonetheless engages in an original and vibrant way with love, eroticism, nature, death, immortality and eternity. Her work is notable for its power and compression and complexity, its hairsplitting and startling phrasing, its inventiveness of rhythm and rhyme, and the exploratory daring which belies its apparent decorum (Tredell). Emily said to Higginson that poetry is something that makes the body feel so cold that no incinerate could warm it, that if the reader physically feels as if the top of their head were taken off that its poetry.She claims that this is the only way she knows its poetry (Ryan). Elizabeth Barrett Brownings poem The foretell of the Children is about child labor. In this poem Elizabeth is trying to show us how the children feel about working and how it makes them sad and exhausted. They suffer as they work with palpitation knees and heavy eyelids. The children are demanded to keep working no matter how tired and weak they are. I know that this is the theme because the speaker says Do ye hear the children weeping, (The Cry of the Children).This means that the children were weeping in sorrow because in the playtime of others they are working. Another detail that supports my idea for the theme is the lines For oh, say the children, we are weary, / and we cannot run or reverberate (The Cry of the Children). This detail shows that the children are suffering that they are tired and weak. When Elizabeth describes how the children look she is using imagery by saying, we are weary, / and we cannot run or leap / if we cared for any meadows, it were merely / to drop down in them and sleep./ our knees tremble sorely in the stooping, / we fall upon our faces, trying to go / and, underneath our heavy eyelids drooping, / the reddest flower would look as tired of(p) as snow (The Cry of the Children). This connotation is showing how the children are looking and feeling this verse is not only using imagery but it also uses a simile to show how the childrens eyes are so tired and heavy that the reddest flower would look as pale as snow for them. Emily Dickinsons poem Heart, we will forget him talks about how Emily is trying to forget the man that wounded her and her brass.In the poem Emily is instructing her heart to forget the warmth and that she will forget the demoralise. But Emily is scared that if her heart takes too long to forget, then it will give her time to remember, frankincense causing her to not be able to carry out her self-given assignment (Heart, we will forget him). I know that the theme of the poem is getting over someone you love by the line Heart, we will forget him (Heart, we will forget him). This line is referring to Emilys heart t rying to forget the man that hurt both her and her heart.Another detail supporting my thought for the theme is the line you may forget the warmth he gave / I will forget the light (Heart, we will forget him). This line is trying to demonstrate that the heart is trying to forget the warmth that the man gave it and that Emily will try to forget the light he brought to her world. In this poem Emily tells the heart what do to by commands making the hearts seem as if it can act, think and follow orders like a brain. By making the heart have a human characteristic Emily is using the literary device personification.Emily also uses a literary device called tautology which is use when there is a repetition of words, and in the first stanza of Heart, we will forget him Emily uses the word forget three times to emphases that she and her heart will forget the one that broke them. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson were two poets that works were very similar in structure despite bein g born in different ears. The two poets represent similar first persons personas in their writings and became famous for it.Although Elizabeth became famous while she was alive, Emily Dickinson did not. Each poet however had their work published and found by someone else. Elizabeths husband was the person who made her forty-four sonnets one of her well-known achievements and for Emily her sister Livinia was the founder of many poems left from her death. By comparing the works and lives of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson, we can conclude that the inner life of an artist has more impact on their literary output than the external factors that shaped their lives.Works CitedArnold, William T. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861). The English Poets The Nineteenth Century, Wordswort to Rossetti. Ed. Thomas Humphry Ward. Vol. 4. Macmillan and Co., 1893. 562-567. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale Research, 1981. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Dec. 2011.Burlinson, Kathryn. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Overview. Reference Guide to English Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. Chicago St. mob Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.Elizabeth Barrett Browning. LitFinder Contemporary Collection. Detroit Gale, 2007. LitFinder. Wed. 6 Dec. 2011.Ryan, Michael (American College Teacher). Dickinsons Stories. The American Poetry Review Mar.-Apr. 2009 5+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Dec. 2011.Southworth, James Granville. Emily Dickinson. well-nigh Modern American Poets. James Granville Southworth. Blackwell, 1950. 14. LitFinder. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.Tredell, Nicholas. Emily Dickinson Overview. Gay and Lesbian Biography. Ed. Michael J. Tyrkus and Michael Bronski. Detroit St. James Press, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 28 Jan. 2012.Wider, Sarah Ann. Emily (Elizabeth) Dickinson. The American Renaissance in New England Fourth Series. Ed. Wesley T. Mott. Detroit Gale Group, 2001. mental lexicon of Literary Biography Vol. 243. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.

Causes of Road Accidents

Causes Of street Accident The first major cause of highway accidents in Ghana is poor driving skills. Drivers lecture on mobile phones while driving have caused several road accidents Gross indiscipline is the cause in most cases amongst Ghanaians. Most accidents are caused by broken down vehicles on our roads. It appears in Ghana there is a leeway for drivers to drive on worn/second hand tyres. The unworthiness of some cars on our roads also invariably leads to road accidents. Over-loading of vehicles beyond their expected gross weights is a know cause of accidents. Fatigue driving is a known cause of road accidents by long-distance drivers. 10% of road accidents in Ghana are caused by drunk driving . Over-speeding constitutes about 50% of road accidents in the country. The poor nature of some of our roads has also often been cited as a cause for some vehicular accidents in the country. Disregard for commerce regulations by most drivers also leads to accidents on our roads. Non-existent road markings and signs. Road Safety Caustion Causes of Road Accident Fatality Rate in Road Accident other(a) News 300 road safety trainees pass out RSMSL makes strides in road safety Road Safety Management Services train pull truck drivers Road Safety Management Services distributes new tow trucks Road Safety Management Services inaugurates board of directors Road Safety Assistants certification Police at Presidential Inauguration Road safety A Shared ResponsibilityFriday, 29. Mar 2013 Road safety A Shared Responsibility Road accidents mostly happen as result of recklessness, carelessness, overconfidence and illiteracy among others, exhibited by drivers, not respecting road safety regulations, jumping the red light, wrong overtaking oddly on the highways, and in cities like Accra and Kumasi. Read More More News

Mold Experiment

Bread legal tender Experiment Mold is something that we often take for granted, as something that machinates us take over to throw the gelt away or the cheese smell bad. Mold is, in fact, a fascinating organism which has had many varied uses oer the years and our lives would not be the same without it. Most of us know that food seems to become warpy more quickly in the pass than in the winter when it is colder. Food in refrigerators seems to keep longer than food left out in the sun. Is this true? Does temperature re aloney affect the rate at which mold grows? Mold grows quicker at higher temperatures.Companies pay large sums of money in maintaining food refrigerated in house and on transport, so it is essential for them to know under what conditions and temperature mold grows or it is contained. Mold is often looked as something negative, but mold it is found in different products that we use in our daily life. Some of these products are cheese, soy sauce, medicine, etc Mold is a fungus which grows in food and other organic products which extract the nutrients of these organic products for growth. Alexander Fleming discovered that plebeian mold killed germs.From this common mold he made a medicine that he c entirelyed Penicillin and some other medicines are made from chemicals derived from mold. This discovery was discovered by pure accident, it is described that he was cleaning his work area when he discovered it, Some mold was growing on one of the dishes not similarly unusual, but all around the mold, the staph bacteria had been killed very unusual. He took a sample of the mold. He found that it was from the penicillium family, later specified as Penicillium notatum. Fleming presented his findings in 1929, but they raised little interest.He published a report on penicillin and its potential uses in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology. (Fleming discovers penicillin, 1998) Mold grows faster under hot conditions. As the data will show from the audition conducted over 10 days, mold grows at a faster abuse when the product is exposed out of doors temperature (OT) which is from 90-100 Fahrenheit . Below are the tools, products and method needed to conduct the experiment. It is important to be aware of dependent, independent and controlled multivariates as the experiment is executed.A dependent vari fit is a variable that is link to the dependent variable in order to exist. And independent variable is the one YOU can manipulate. Last, a controlled variable is the constant variable of the experiments. For example, Light is one of our independent variables so in order to keep it constant, the Room Temperature (RT), which is 70-75 Fahrenheit and the OT product was cover with a pass over during the entire time the experiment was being conducted. The freezer (F) product, which is 32 35 Fahrenheit, was not covered due to the fact that it was contained in the freezer and is not able to received sunlight.In order to minimiz e threat reduction validity, the measurement of the product was done equally with all pieces of bread. Bags were of the same brand and size and the bread slices were all members of the same package. Another factor to consider is being able to record quantitative data, by quantitative data is meant results that can be measure and collected in order to verify or disproof the hypothesis of such experiment. What is needed for the Mold Bread Experiment 15 slices of bread. Make sure all slices come out from the same bag of bread and all of them are similar size, weight and thickness.Make sure you write down the name of the brand and Use-by- get wind and the date of the experiment. This is to create record of how many days were remaining from the experiment date to use-by date. Use 15 bags-make sure they seal and are from the same brand. orderly knife Chopping board or cutting surface Adhesive labels Pen or marker Mask Gloves Notebook Pen Thermometer Ruler Method(steps) Use the labels i n order to label the bags and use the marker to do so. Mark 5 of the bags with an F for Freezer, mark another 5 bags with RT for room temperature and 5 more bags with OT for outside temperature. Cut the bread in 10X10 using the copping board and the knife. It is important that all the squares have the same measurement. Introduce distributively bread slide into the plastic bags and make sure they get sealed. Place the 5 bags labeled as F in the freezer, 5 bags labeled RT on the kitchen counter and 5 bags labeled OT in open climate(Outside) Use the thermometer in order to record the temperature for the three different types of climates where the bread will be placed. Make sure the RT bags and OT bags are covered with a towel so light can be a constant factor. Check the bags every 24-36 hrs in order to check for mold. Average of the pieces of bread with mold can be used to record the daily results Record the mold grow every day in a table using your notebook This process should be re peated for 10 days and record the results. Measure the results for labels F, RT and OT are documented accordingly. When the experiment is completed make sure to lock in of the bags without opening them. Type of BreadDay1 %Day 2%Day3%Day4%Day5%Day6%Day7%Day8%Day9%Day10% F0000000000 RT00002%7%10%12%16%20%OT04%7%15%25%35%50%60%70%85% Results Because each square of bread is 100 cm2, you can express your results as a percentage. For each of the bread types, F, RT or OT average the amount of mold braggart(a) over the ten days by measuring the mold grown over all five slices of bread per bread type and write these figures into a table. Include the average as a percent of all 5 pieces of bread by bread type into a table then transfer this information into a interpret. You can then place this information into a graph and begin to explore the results.You can place the amount of mold on each bread sample and compare it to the number of days, like in the plot below. This can be done with a sheet of graph paper and colored pens or on a computer. As it is recorded in the map supra, mold grows faster under hot conditions. But that is not all, mold grows twice and sometimes three times faster than the rate of mold grown at room temperature and the one in the freezer. Bread in the freezer was at 32F and no mold was shown in the product. This data tells us that freezing conditions sponsor prevent the growth of mold.The results of this experiment confirm the hypothesis described above, mold grows faster under hot environment. The focus of experimental design consists in provision an investigation in something that naturally happens in nature by the manipulation of a specific variable. By conducting these types of experiments, scientists are able to understand and cause an moment of a particular inquiry at hand. It helps understand how the manipulation of variables will enhance or affect the natural order of things.Many great discoveries, new medicines and treatments hav e been recorded and science and technology have advance immensely by applying these methods as experiments are conducted. Any one else following the method specified above can replicate this experiment and receive the same results, by being able to replicate the experiment, it evaluates and gives validity to the recorded data and the findings . Fleming discovers penecilin. (1998). Retrieved from http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm28pe. html

Once Bitten Twice Shy

Once bitten twice shy is a great, and fairly commons saying. It is an idiom that means if somebody is said to be once bitten twice shy, it means that a person who has been hurt, or who has had something happen to them that was life changing in a not so desirable way then they will be far more careful the next clipping around. I c completely up invariablyyone has experienced situations such as this. Whether it be a deal you made where you ended up getting cheated out of some money, or a time when you got your heart broken by someone you thought would neer hurt you.Either way it happens and makes a person leery of verifying others for a long while, if ever again. As a small business owner I have experienced many situations in which I was the target of somebody trying to bring in the wool over my eyes, and/or s work party me out of some money. At one point in time a few years ago, I had a small conspiracy of people working on a job for me in Rolla Mo. while myself and another cr ew member were working on a different job in St. Robert.I trusted the crew members that I left alone without supervision because they were all hard and honest workers, at least(prenominal) I thought they were. I had been leaving this crew on the Rolla job for about two weeks with very little supervision from myself. The only time I really stopped by there was to drop off more material, and take a quick look around at the work they were doing and all was well. That is until I got a call one afternoon from the contractile organ that I was doing this job for.The call started with me getting an ass chewing like I had never had before, and caught me totally off guard. After some time on the phone with this man I kind of figured out what was going on. It seems one of my crew members that I had been leaving alone on the job for a while was planning to screw me over. They had been sabotaging my job in hopes that they would be able to show the contractor the shoddy work that was going on be hind his back so that he would fire me and hopefully hire them to replace me.Well, luckily I had cognise the contractor for years and after some smooth talking I convinced him that I would finish the job personally and fire the member of my crew that caused these problems. So, the plan backfired for the sneaky crew member. Not only did they not get hired by the contractor, but they lost the steady job they already had. blush though this situation didnt turn out all that badly for me, it still caused me some friction with the contractor, and caused me to never have the same level of trust in my employees ever again.

“Equus” by Peter Schaffer Essay

genus genus EquusThe play Equus by shot Schaffer investigates ideas of faith, passion, violence, and adolescent sexuality. Schaffer was inspired to write the play after hearing a true story a crime involving a teenage boys seemingly motiveless violence and injury to horses. Equus is a fictional account of what Schaffer believes could adopt happened before the incident, helping to explain the psychology and reasoning bed the boys mysterious and disturbing crime. Equus follows closely the character of 17 year-old boy Alan Strang, al cardinal overly his psychiatrist, Martin Dysart. In this piece of writing, I plan to explain how we explored the play of Equus in a variety of different activities within our drama carve up.ResponseThe play opens with Martin Dysart, the psychiatrist, perpetrateing a soliloquy that introduces the briny(prenominal) judgments of the play. Scene one is devoted entirely to this talking to, which shows its importance and vitality. We distinguish muc h or so Dysart from this speech. For example, the line every reined up in old/language and old assumptions illustrates how he tangs trapped and frustrated in his life. In addition, he says, Im desperate which shows his exhaustion and frustration.This Scene was particularly challenging to rehearse and perform for various(a) reasons. For one, it is a long speech so in that respect is the challenge of learning it. Also, you need to sort out sure that your volume, tone, and speed are correct. There are very few stage directions so thither is the added difficulty of knowing how to act when performing, and how to show his pain and anger. It is also hard, when rehearsing a piece, not to lose its spontaneousness which is particularly vital in this speech.In Scene two, Dysart is visited by Hester Salomon, a magistrate and close associate of Dysart, and Alans horrific crime is revealed to the audience. The line Hester speaks is very simple, simply tells all that is necessary He blinde d vi horses with a metal spike. My initial response to this line was shock, revulsion, and horror, still at the same meter I was intrigued why Hester thought Dysart would be able to fix Alan (Does he have more source or authority than the psychiatrists?) My feelings, however, did change as the play unfolded and I became more go throughing and less surprise as the question of why did he do it was explored.At the beginning of Scene three (and the abate of Scene two), we are introduced to Alan Strang, who has committed this shocking act. In this scene, Dysart questions Alan, but rather than simply replying, Alan chooses to sing tv set adverts. This gives a very strange first impression. We later find out that Alan was forbidden to accompany TV so how does he know these tunes? This was a very difficult scene to rehearse and perform without express emotion and it was amusing to watch.An some another(prenominal) scene we studied closely was Scene seven. In this scene, Dysar t goes to visit Alans parents, Mr and Mrs Strang. From this scene, we learn much intimately Alans upbringing and how events in his childhood may have subconsciously had a negative effect on Alan, and how it may have influenced what he did.One of the main factors that had a hefty influence on Alan was his mothers somewhat extreme obsession with religion. Dora Strang is a very spectral wo while, with strong Christian beliefs, whereas Alans father, Frank, is an atheist who is worried that Doras constant reading of the Bible to Alan has had a negative effect on him its the Bible thats responsible for all thisan innocent man tortured to/death thorns driven into his head nails into his handsit can mark anyone for lifeall that stymie to me is just bad/sexIn reading this scene, I think Schaffer wanted the audience to feel intrigued round the big part religion has played also, in a conversation between Dora and Dysart border on the get going of the scene, she says Alans always been much(prenominal) a gentle boy. He loves animals /Especially horses This conf drillouts the audience roughly because it makes you think that if he liked horses so much, why did he do such a terrible thing to them? This information enables us to understand Alans obsession with horses, later revealed in the play.The scene also draws very strong images of Frank and Dora, who are both very different from one another Dora has unintentionally influenced her son with religion, and she is very upset over the matter I simplydont understandAlan (She breaks sown in sobs). Frank, on the other hand, seems to spend little time with Alan, and didnt let him watch TV (Dysart) But surely you dont have a set, do you? I silent Mr Strang doesnt approve. This may also have affected Alan because it encumbered him from being like ordinary children encouraging him to pay off weird.Schaffer creates a negative image of both characters for this reason, but also makes you pity them. They purposely mean to violate Alan and are both shocked and distraught about what has happened. As a director, I would want to mark how the Strang family is very different from an ordinary family, Dora with her strong religious beliefs and Frank insisting on no TV.The threesome and final scene we studied in depth was Act 2, Scene 33. In this scene, Jill has lured Alan back to the unchangings although Alan is reluctant and unsure of whether he should go. Scene 32 (Alan to Jill) The stables? (Jill) Of course (Alan recoiling) No Alan says no to Jill three more times, but they still go. Later, in Scene 33, Alan insists that the door is locked. Also, in this scene, Alan becomes very uneasy. One reason for this is because he cannot go through with having sex with Jill and is humiliated, although Jill is very understanding. The other reason is that he believes that God has seen what has happened through the eyes of the horses in the stable. This is the reason why he blinded the horses so God could n ot witness him committing a sin. This misgiving puts Alan in a distraught state that follows on to the act of him blinding the horses in the final scene.The corresponding activity I participated in was hot-seating Alan about that night. We took it in turns to play Alan, and each did our best to answer questions about the night in character.DevelopmentFreeze FramesAfter reading the play we spit into groups of five. In these groups we immovable which three points of the play were the most important or had the biggest impact on the audience and had to present them as three freeze-frame images. The first point we chose to depict was in Scene 3 Dysart has just met Alan and is asking him various questions. We showed this by having Alan on Dysarts couch looking bewildered and confused. Our group also thought it would be a good idea to have three onlookers looking in on them, wearing gross out expressions. They represented Bennett, Thoroughgood, and the public who are mentioned in Act 1 , Scene 2 just before Hester reveals Alans crime.The second idea that we chose was Alans confusion about which parent he should listen to his mother with her religious ideas, or his father who insisted on no television. To do this we sat Alan in the middle of the sofa, with Dora on one side reading an imaginary Bible, and Frank on the other pointing at Alan with a stern stare, lour at Dora.The third and final image we chose was of the main event Alan blinding the horses. For this we had three people as horses, with Alan standing in see of them looking terrified, confused, and angry. I think that the images we chose really captured the main points and essence of the play. The net one especially helped me to understand Alans motivation for this terrible act.The next thing we did was to rehearse the main scenes we had focused on 1-3, 7, and 33-34. Everyone was given the chance to play Dysart in Scene 1 him being the only if character in the scene. This, as I have previously said , was a very difficult undertaking due to the emotions conveyed and the tone required. In Scene 7, I played Dora. This I actually form tougher than vie Dysart because I found it more difficult to act her and was embarrassed when she read from the Bible. I also found it hard to speak in a proud voice when she is reciting from a book called Prince that Alan used to enjoy when he was younger.MonologueTo capture the thoughts and feelings on the night of the act, I have written a one-hundred word monologue from Dysarts perspective (at the end of the play)There he was, sitting there with Jill, the stable girl. Alone togetherbut they werent aloneEquus was there watching. Listening. Seeing.Suddenly, Alan caught sight of him. He knew that Equus had seen him failso God had seen him fail. He must stop God from seeing him. He has to prevent the horses from looking at him. God looking at himhe must blind them. All six. And fast.I have taken Equus from Alan. He is normal but at what cost, an d to whom? Now Equus lives with methere is, in my mouth a sharp chain. And it never comes out.Directors InstructionsUltimately, Equus is as much about Alan as it is about Dysart. As a director, I would advise the actors to not just act the character, but be the character learn and understand Dysart how he feels, thinks, and accepts people, whatever theyve done.I would want the audience to feel intrigued about Dysarts complicated life and emotions, but also leave the theatre thinking about what will happen nextEvaluationInteresting PointsI found many things interesting in performing Equus and the themes it explored. One of the things I enjoyed in performance was the variety. For example there were humorous scenes such as scene 3, in which Alan sings but also more serious and dramatic, scenes as well such as Dysarts soliloquy in Scene 1. In performing, I also enjoyed the fact that it explored lots of different emotions Alans madness and Dysart being, in a way, traumatised by his dreams of cutting up children.Equus also tackles a range of themes. The play, in itself, has an unusual theme right from the start. I can relate to the theme of religion as my mum is a Christian and my dad is an atheist.Film AdaptationIn class we watched the tear adaptation of Equus. There were many differences between the film and the play. I feel that the play deeds better and it has a more powerful effect on the audience. Also, I felt that in the film Dysarts opening speech wasnt as good as it could have been. The whole speech was just a close-up of his face, and the actor did not show much emotion through his features, or use it to his best ability.Performing the play myself was very different from watching the film or watching other people perform. When I performed the play, I was very surprised at how I found it easier to perform Jill and Dysart than the other characters. Jill I found easy because she is a similar age to me so I could relate to her emotions and feelings. Ho wever, I cant begin to understand why I found it easy to Dysart. I have nothing in common with him and he seems to be a very complicated character. It is possible that it was because he is so different that I found it easy to play him the two extremes soulfulness similar to me and someone completely different. Another possible reason why I found him easier was because I think that when you start reading the play, you subconsciously choose between Alan and Dysart, and I chose Dysart. I found Alan hard to relate to. even up though we dressed very hard in class to understand why Alan committed the crime, I didnt fully understand until right at the very end after the rehearsals.If I had had more time to prepare or learn Equus, I think it would have been easier because it was not until the very end of our work that I started to really understand it.Peer EvaluationOne person in the group whose work really move me was Marc. I thought that Marc really connected with and understood Ala n. He was really convincing and performed well in various activities. Even when he had to sing he did it with a lot of arrogance and enthusiasm. Many of us would have been very embarrassed about having to do this especially in front of peers. He really impressed me when we were doing the hot-seating activity. He had played Alan and we were asking him questions about the night of the act. What impressed me was how, when asked a question he didnt know the answer to, he sang one of the tunes because thats what Alan does in the play when Dysart questions him.Overall, I really enjoyed working on, and participating in activities about Equus. I thought that the play was fascinating and exciting, but also interesting and stimulating.

Illusive Infatuation

Illusive Infatuation Growing up I did non believe in the concept of do and long term relationships. My family members consisted of mainly wizard women. All of which were bitter and unable to maintain healthy relationships with men. Divorce seemed to be second nature to me. My bewilder along with s perpetuallyal other close female members set out all been married three or more times. This made me want to stray away from relationships and fare in general. As I got sometime(a) I veridicalized that most of the time they seemed to rush into passionateness establish impinge on early infatuation, lust, and their biologic clocks ticking.I have learned from all of their situations. I realized that m whatever people, not just in my family, marry rapidly based off love at first sight. It seems umteen dont seem to defy the time to know the person they be committing to. It makes me revere what the rush is all about. I have decided to put a three year hold backing period on any r elationships I enter. I want to make sure I know some maven and that I am marrying for more than love and infatuation. I do not want to fall in the deception of confuse puppy love with the real thing. I have based my realizations off of my personal experiences.I do wonder if t present have been accounts of people marrying in short periods of time and actually staying together for 20 or more years. I have heard of instances of arranged marriages working out in that manner scarce most were kept for political or family reasons. I have yet to see a accepted story of a couple marrying during the fascination phase of early relationships and actually staying together. I would like to look for more into the depths of how and why we fall in love. Is it possible for someone such as myself to find ecstasy even when I have notwithstanding seen the negative outcomes in relationships?Is devastation the better option? As a child of a divorcee, it led me to relish hopeless and apprehensive towards commitment. In Eve LaPlantes article entitled Breakfast she states that Like many offspring of divorce, I grew up with a moving sense of loss. Besidesthe trauma of the breakup and its aftermath, theres the prolonged pain of missingone parent and the security of an intact family. During my teens, I dreamed of afuture happy family, but believed my chances of ever attaining one were in? nitesimal. I felt inadequate as a potential marital mate my parents divorce servedas a scar. (LaPlante, 476 ) This excerpt was comforting. This was exactly how I felt through most of my jr. years all the way up until adulthood. I felt hopeless and considered any relationships that I pursue to be temporary. LaPlante, however, isnt discouraged for long. She abolishs up falling in love. This article is actually written cardinal years after marrying her soulmate. She says her success is based off of the ability to be grateful for comparative felicitousness (LaPlante,476 ). I took this to mean that even though marriage is not perfect, if they compared their happiness to others they would be satisfied.This article in spades made me feel as if there is still hope for my own wild-eyed future. The fact that her medical prognosis went from a bitter young woman that dreaded the idea of marriage and was almost turned off marriage forever (LaPlante,476) to a charismatic happily married woman is astounding. She states that coupling is good for my frame as well as my soul. I like my physical self more than I did before. David ? nds me beautiful, which helps me feel beautiful. To be known by him is part of the pleasure we have nothing to hide. I ? d every(prenominal) humandetail of him delightful, no less so as we age (LaPlante,477). It gives me the feeling that my past does not have to determine my future. My outlook croupe change. Even with the success shown in LaPlantes article I do realize that those results are not al ways typical. Is devastation the better solution? It would allow me to climb up over the failures, heartbreaks, and all the awkwardness in between. In the article Loneliness and Isolation by dungaree M. Twenge she states that Isolation and loneliness readily result to anxiety and depression. A mountain ofscienti? evidence links loneliness (and beingness alone) with negative mental healthoutcomes. Single and divorced people are signi? cantly more plausibly to become depressed or suffer other mental health problems. Even people in unhappy marriages are happier than those who divorce. (Twenge, 456) This leads me to believe that even an unhappy marriage is better than going through purport alone. I am not sure I entirely believe that. I understand that loneliness can account for severe depression but I call up there are many other things we can focus on throughout conduct that make us happy.The reference to her acquaintanceship Peter is very saddening. He spends his time being rejected via personal ads and spends his weekends a lone. I honestly think he could take up some other hobby, make friends, and enjoy life in other ways rather than just searching for a mate. A very good example of why disbursal all your time searching for love and maintaining relationships does not always work is displayed in the authors story of Leslie The cycle of meeting someone, falling in love and breaking up is a practice for anxiety and depression. .. In college, many people ? nd that their romantic relationships are a lifeline in an otherwise unaccompanied placeuntil the relationship ends. Leslie, 20, went through a breakup a month ago. He was basically my whole life besides school and family, she says. Now I am very lonely and depressed because I dont have many friends and the friends I do have are all away at their colleges. (Twenge,455) If Leslie did not devote all her time to her relationship and her quest for love and so she would not have lost as much as she did. It seems as if it works twain ways.Breakups and di vorces can lead to depression just as fast as loneliness. It seems that either way you end up taking a risk. The fact that divorce rates for first marriages are at 41% (DivorceRate. org ) is even more a deterrent from marriage. I still believe I would rather take my chances with loneliness. I believe I would end up losing far less and involving less people. What exactly is love? I know that I cannot possibly keep up this idea of romanticism for a lifetime. at that place must be much more to real love outside of the idea of love based off bray and lust.In the article Grown up love by Joan Konner she states that In America we croak in a culture that glori? es passionate, romantic love. Ourfriends are in love, dreaming or air castle of it, waiting and dating to fall intoit. Women and men begin new lives in love. Romantic love is our inspiration, our wantour reason to be. Romance is a cultural obsession, an imperial ideal. We believe that love can be found, here and now and forever, in an instant, acrossa crowded roomor tomorrow, just around the corner. It canbut rarely. In reality, womanise is more ? eting and more dangerousthan we are told, more complicated than we could have imagined, more elusivethan weve been led to believe. Love is a promise made every day only to bebroken tomorrow. ( Konner, 485) This goes deeper into the psyche that most of us have as we grow older. Our culture glorifies romantic love, lust, and passion rather than the actual hardships of maintaining real love. It makes us to believe that we cannot live a fulfilled life without it. We are fed fairytales of lifelong love, princes with magic kisses, and images of happy families in the media.We never truly learn the contrast between infatuation, romance, and real love. The author states that she wants to distinguish love from romance, to explore the ideal of true love, or real love (Konner,485). We often cannot determine the difference between temporary infatuation and puppy love. Thi s could be another main focus in the causes of divorce and breakups. The author goes on to say that The fact that we say romance when we mean love showsus that underneath our language there is a psychological muddle. .. We are con- fusing ii great psychological systems within us, and this has a devastating effecton our lives and our relationships (Konner,485) . This inability to separate romance from real life could be the reason why many tend to marry so quickly based off those initial feelings rather than taking the time to actually fall in love with someone completely. I have learned that no matter what lifestyle I choose whether it is being a wife or a happily single woman that it will come with hardships. If I am ever able to find someone that I am truly compatible with then I should take more time to get to know them.I should develop a foundation and wait for the initial infatuation and romance phase to subside so that I can make a clear decision on a lifelong commitment. I no longer believe that I am prey to the past of my family members when it comes to romance. I just need to make better decisions in choosing a mate and if I cant find one then I can lead a happy life regardless. I should find fulfillment within myself rather than completely discover in a mate for it. Works Cited Konner, Joan. Grown Up Love. The Aims of Argument A textbook and Reader. By Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 7th ed.New York, NY McGraw-Hill, 2011. 485-87. Print. LePlante, Eve. Breakfasts. The Aims of Argument A Text and Reader. By Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 7th ed. New York, NY McGraw-Hill, 2011. 475-78. Print. Marriage and Divorce. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . Twenge, Jean M. Loneliness and Isolation. The Aims of Argument A Text and Reader. By Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 7th ed. New York, NY McGraw-Hill, 2011. 454-57. Print.

Dante Alighieri’s Inferno Paper Essay

Inferno is the origin part of Dante Alighieris 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy. Inferno is an legend telling of the journey of Dante through colliery, guided by the Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is described as nine clans of suffering located within the Earth. Allegorically, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul towards God, with the Inferno describing the cognition and rejection of sin. Because Dante is an educated Christian, he uses mythological references to make Hell visually appealing. Dante is guided By Virgil because he believes Virgil represents piece reason, something very important to Dante. The dickens poets begin their journey to Purgatory by descending into the first dance orchestra of Hell. The first circle of the nine is Limbo. Limbo is a region on the edge of hell for those who are not saved even though they did not sin (University of Texas). In Limbo, there is a castle with septet gates which figureize the seven virtues (historylis ts.org).This castle houses the great poets Homer, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan it excessively houses great philosophers such as Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Heraclitus, Orpheus, and Euclid. Dante uses the allusion of Aristotle as a man with honor and respect (http//apliterature-sasd.wikispaces.com). The sanction circle is known as lustfulness. Lust consists of the people who were crucify by lust (University of Texas). The souls in Lust are punished by being blown violently back and forth by strong winds, preventing them to find peace and rest (historylists.org). The strong winds symbolize the restlessness of a person who is led by desire for another person. Dante comes across a couple, Francesca and Paolo, who were murdered because they were practicing adultery. Lust is guarded by the mythological creature Minos. Minos tail determines which level each and every soul belongs. once a soul has told Minos why they are in Hell, his tail spin arounds around his body and each coil represe nts a circle in Hell. Dante uses Minos as the king of sinners because Minos himself was surrounded by sinner during his lifetime.The Third circle is known as gula. Gluttony is where the Gluttonous sinners suffer under a cold and filthy rain. Gluttony is guarded by Cerberus, the troika-headed dog. Dante ad knowings him to be more monstrous by his large size and ravenous bite, an apt symbol for gluttony (foxtwin.com). Dante uses particular names for particular people in each circle. A prize example of this would be when Dante and Virgil come across Ciacco the most gluttonousman. He warns Dante that their hometown, Florence, will be destroyed. The poop circle, avarice and prodigality, is known for housing those who lust for material needs and those who keep their wealth all for themselves. The penalisation for this circle is to carry around large boulders and bump against each other. The boulder represents money and the weight of the boulder represents its weight in their lives ( University of Texas). Here, Virgil and Dante come across Plutus, the God of Wealth.Dante uses Plutus to symbolize those that squander and gather money (foxtwin.com). The two Poets also come across Dame Fortune, the spinner of the world. As a result of her spinning wheel, things subroutine from good to bad. Dante uses Dame Fortune to represent chance in a humans life. The ordinal circle represents Wrath and Sullenness. Wrath is anger that is expressed and Sullenness is and that is repressed (University of Texas). Dante and Virgil are transported across the Styx by Phlegyas, the infernal employee. Phlegyas is in Hell because he set fire to the temple of Apollo. The sixth circle represents Heresy. In Heresy, the heretics lie in tombs made of iron and engulfed in flames. While in Heresy, the Poets are temporarily halted and must wait for the help from Heaven. While waiting for help, Infernal Furies taunt and curse them. The seventh circle, Violence, is divided into three kinds of vio lence. The first is violence against neighbors on the bloody River Phlegethon.The river is not made of water, but of blood. Here, Virgil and Dante come across the Centaurs, the half-man and half-horse creature. The poets also come across the Minotaur. The Minotaur occasionally eats seven young men and women, in which Dante uses to symbolize violence. The second violence is against self in the Woods of Self. The souls of those who destroyed their bodies or their substance are here to be made into thorny trees (foxtwin.com). Since the souls destroyed their own bodies, they were denied any resemblance to a body in Hell. The leaves of these trees were painfully eaten by the Harpies. The third violence is against God, Art, and Nature on the burning sand. The eighth circle consists of the fraudulent sinners. This circle is shaped similar to an arena with ten concentric ditches where the sinners are tortured (foxtwin.com).Each ditch is calm with different types of fraudulent sinners the Pa nderers, the Flatterers, the Simoniacs, the Fortune Tellers, the Grafters, the Hypocrites, Thieves, and Deceivers. In circle eight, the Poets meet the complex monster Geryon. Geryon would lurein his victims and then devour them, allowing Dante to use him as fraud. Dante also uses Pope Nicholas II as a symbol as fraud. The final circle is known as The Treacherous or Cocytus. Cocytus is the coldest place in Hell (University of Texas). This circle consists of four smaller circles Caina, Antenora, Ptolomea, and Judecca. Dante uses three unnamed giants to symbolize pride and other spiritual flaws fictionalization behind acts of treachery (University of Texas). Dante, in his work Inferno, uses several historical and mythological figures to show his Christian subjection and Greek mythological knowledge. He also used these figures to make the poem a better hold and to make modern connections of the time.

Can Video Games Make Kids More Violent Essay

Can video spicys make kids more violent? A new study employing state of the art chief- starening technology says that the answer may be yes. Researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine say that brain scans of kids who played a violent video game showed an increase in emotional stimulus and a corresponding decrease of activity in brain areas involved in self-control, inhibition and attention. Does this mean that your stripling will feel an uncontrollable urge to go on a shooting rampage later playing Call of Duty? Vince Mathews, the principal investigator on the study, hesitates to make that leap. But he says he does think that the study should encourage parents to look more closely at the types of games their kids are playing.Based on our results, I think parents should be aware of the relationship mingled with violent video-game playing and brain function. Mathews and his colleagues chose both action games to include in their research one violent the other not. The first game was the high-power but non-violent racing game Need for Speed Underground. The other was the ultra-violent first-person shooter laurel of Honor Frontline. The police squad divided a group of 44 adolescents into two groups, and randomly assigned the kids to play one of the two games. Immediately after the play sessions, the children were given MRIs of their brains. The scans showed a negative effect on the brains of the teenagers who played Medal of Honor for 30 minutes. That very(prenominal) effect was not present in the kids who played Need for Speed. The solitary(prenominal) difference? Violent content.Whats not clear is whether the activity picked up by the MRIs indicates a inactive or worse, permanent effect on the kids brains. And its also not known what effect long-acting play times might rescue. The scope of this study was 30 minutes of play, and one brain scan per kid, although further research is in the works. OK. But what about violent TV shows? Or violent films? Has anyone incessantly done a brain scan of kids that have hardly watched a violent movie? mortal has. John P. Murray, a psychology professor at Kansas State University, conducted a very similar experiment, employing the same technology used in Mathews study. His findings are similar. Kids in his study experienced increased emotional arousal when watching short clips from the boxing movie Rocky IV. So, why is everyone picking on video games? in all likelihood because theres a much smaller body of research on video games.They just havent been around as long as TV and movies, so the potential set up on children are a bigger unknown. Thats a scary thing for a parent. Larry Ley, the theatre director and coordinator of research for the Center for Successful Parenting, which funded Mathews study, says the purpose of the research was to help parents make informed decisions. Theres enough data that clearly indicates that game violence is a worry, he says. And its n ot just a problem for kids with behavior disorders. But not everyone is convinced that this latest research adds much to the debate particularly the game development community. One such naysayer is Doug Lowenstein, president of the Entertainment Software Association. Weve seen other studies in this field that have made dramatic claims but turn out to be less persuasive when objectively analyzed. The ESA has a whole section of its Web site dedicated to the topic of video game violence, which would suggest that they arse around asked about it a lot.And theyve got plenty of answers at the ready for the critics who want to lay school shootings or teen aggression at the feet of the game industry. Several studies cited by the ESA point to games potential benefits for developing decision-making skills or bettering chemical reaction times. Ley, however, argues such studies arent credible because they were produced by hired guns funded by the multi-billion-dollar game industry. Were not s tressful to sell parents anything, he says. We dont have a product. The video game industry does. increasingly parents are more accepting of video game violence, chalking it up to being a part of festering up. I was dead-set against violent video games, says Kelley Windfield, a Sammamish, Wa.-based mother of two. But my husband told me I had to start liberalization up.Laura Best, a mother of three from Clovis, Calif., says she looks for age-appropriate games for her 14 year-old son, Kyle. And although he doesnt play a lot of games, he does tend to gravitate towards shooters like Medal of Honor. But she isnt concerned that Kyle will become battleful as a result. Thats like saying a soccer game or a football game will make a kid more aggressive, she says. Its about self-control, and youve got to rent it. Ley says he believes further research, for which the Center for Successful Parenting is trying to arrange, will prove a cause-and-effect relationship between game violence and off -screen aggression. But for now, he says, the study released last week gives his organization the ammunition it need to prove that parentsneed to be more aware of how kids are using their free time. Lets quit using various Xboxes as babysitters instead of doing healthful activities, says Ley, citing the growing epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States. And who, really, can argue with that?