Interview on High School Experience Essay

Russ Posten, neighbor and ending family friend, entered the breakfast room of my house for the interview, happy and positive, true to his nature. Sitting down, drill hole to begin, he gave me a brief over-view of his life. He lived in California until fifth of sixth grade, when he moved to Spokane, Washington. He started off at Jefferson Elementary, was poured into Sacajawea spunk School, and dumped into Lewis and Clark. In elementary and middle tutor he reported beingness tenderly awkward, hardly for Posten, uplifted school was a time of social prosper.While these four years were a lot of fun, they were as well in truth trying and life-defining. During the senior high school school years, Russ was a social butterfly. Though galore(postnominal) factors had an effect on him, he feels that the social set which he belonged to was rattling important. I wasnt a jock, and I wasnt a ha snowflakeual kid. My set was not singular. Posten and a few close friends were liked by e realone, and were always busy. He estimates that he dated twenty to thirty girls during high school. His current friendships are very diverse. A lot of my friends are very diverse- some die-hard redneck idiotswhy am I friends with these population? But they all adopt redeeming qualities. We both chuckle, and Russ agrees to a banana-chocolate snick muffin, just come to the fore of the oven. He casually added that not having a plurality helped to formulate the interactions he has with others today. For Russ, sophomore year was extremely life shaping, referable to the death of two close friends. Andrea Richards, a close friend who was date a buddy, committed suicide.On Russ seventeenth birthday, She tried to take an built-in bottle of Advil, and by the time she realized what she had done, she didnt want to die, but it was too late. At this point, Russ tone changes dramatically, as he shifts uncomfortably in his seat There was a huge ordeal they were trying to redeem her. It w as very traumatic. Within six months of Andreas death, a close friend, Chip, also died. These experiences continue to affect Russ. I guess for me, it made me very hard-nosed in life, and steered me towards certain things, like my religion He is Buddhist.This is because I saw a lot of death in high school. Noting that his favorite part of high school was the social aspect, Posten admits that he honestly hated high school. His least favorite part was thinking that, the whole educational crop was a joke. In elaboration, Russ told me that he took college much more seriously because he genuinely cared about what he was studying. Wishing he had been a bit more studious, Posten has another major regret lack of school-sport involvement.Russ recollects, with mock-shame, The baseball team up drafted me as a pitcher, but I couldnt play if I didnt cut my hair. And I didnt cut my hair. All intimately twenty years later, he still finds himself wondering what might have come of it, had he joined the team. Posten needs to pick up his daughter, who is a third-grader at Jefferson, and I need to leave for ballet. As he walks out the door, Russ half-jokingly adds that if my English teacher ever need a guest speaker, 1992s ASB president is always available.

Should All School Pupils Be Made to Learn at Least One Foreign Language

Should every last(predicate) school pupils be made to figure at least adept foreign language? Opinions. 1-its difficult to support the theory all children should tick a foreign language when most appear to be so woefully inadequate in their native tongue. http//www. helium. com/debates/124525-should-all-school-pupils-be-made-to-learn-at-least- unity-foreign-language 2-Foreign languages argon important for the mortal pupil. Employers value passel who are able to speak more than one language. Learning a language will therefore help students astonish good jobs when they are older.It will also increase their understanding of separate cultures. ttp//www. idebate. org/debatabase/topic_details. php? topicID=524 3-it is also important for English-speakers to learn foreign languages, since not everyone speaks English. And it is polite to be able to speak some of another persons language. Governments should deform to promote economic growth. Since languages are important for the econo my, governments should make all schoolgirlish people learn them. http//debatepedia. idebate. org/en/index. php/Debate_Compulsory_foreign_languages_in_school4-Requiring school pupils to learn at least one foreign language makes them more responsible and capable global citizens. (by Merr Chandler) -Foreign languages are important for the individual pupil. Employers value people who are able to speak more than one language. (http//debatepedia. idebate. org/en/index. php/Debate_Compulsory_foreign_languages_in_school)FACTS, 1-In at presents world, with instant communication, and widespread travel, we humans come into contact with people of other lands, other cultures, and speaking foreign languages, much more often than in former times. ( Carolyn Tytler) 2-A foreign language is important to learn for a few reasons. The first reason as to why it is important to learn is because it gives you a highly

Hamlet – Hero or Villain

hamlet comes across as both a hacek and a villain throughout small town at different intervals. His loyalty, morality, comelyy and popularity ar certainly heroic traits how incessantly one cant disavow his villainous ways in his transaction with Ophelia, his putting to death of Polonius and to the highest degree(prenominal) importantly his delaying of killing Claudius. small town is full of pauses yet full of honourable intentions. His detrimental qualities are slim compared to his heroic qualities in that locationfore I believe Hamlet to be a hero, a prince among men. When we first meet Hamlet, he is dressed in all in black and conveys all the moods, forms and shapes of grief.This first is caused by his fathers recent death. Gertrude, his mother and Claudius, his uncle have discover however Hamlets melancholy is much more earnest than he is letting on too too sullied flesh would endure. Hes unable to forget his father even when all those around him have resumed th eir merry lives. I shall not look upon his compositionage again. This demonstrates the loyal side of the prince. His grief is come on intensified by the cold-hearted actions of his mother. Gertrude married her brother in law, Claudius within a month of her conserves death.Hamlet is unable to understand her disloyalty a beast that wants discourse of designer would have mourned longer. He believes he is living in a society with no standards and so produces disillusioned with life how weary, stale smooth and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world. His loyalty is certainly a heroic trait. The anger he felt towards his mother had a really a negative effect on a Hamlet. He began to discover anger at women as a whole which leads me to his villainous dealings with Ophelia. Hamlet feels neglected when Ophelia as ordered by her father, Polonius repels his letters.He condemns all women with the condemnation of moral fickleness fraility thy name is woman. He hates Ophelia one result and longs to engage in sexual intimacy with her the next. Lie between maids legs. He mistreats her with heartless and demeaning behaviour. In the nunnery scene he denies he ever loved her and tells her get thee to a nunnery. His inconsistent treating of Ophelia eventually drives her to insanity. The actual comprehension of his love for Ophelia can completely come when Hamlet realizes that she is dead, and free from her impair womanly trappings I lovd Ophelia.This is without doubt one of the roughly villainous qualities of Hamlet. His cruel treating of Ophelia however can also be seen as a heroic trait. He is honest about his feelings towards her. He is honest throughout the whole play, which is rare in Hamlet as most of the contri preciselyions live their lives through deception. He doesnt once hide his disgust of Claudius a little more than kin and less than kind, he is also honest of his disliking of Polonius when he says his words have no center of attention wo rds words word.He eventually tells his mother how disgusted he is with her marriage O shame, where is thy blush? and admits he treated her with cruelty I must be cruel only to be kind. He is even honest about his own inaction as he lets all sleep. His honesty throughout the play is admirable and only further proves him to be a hero. He is without doubt a man of high morals which is an important feature of a hero. He agrees to vindicate his father even though he almost crushed with the burden. oh ill-fated spite that ever I was born to set it right.It is get through that he does not want to murder but accepts the task even I have swornt. He also apologises to Laertes for killing Polonius and asks for forgiveness. give me your pardon, sir I have done you wrong. His moral character is what I most admire about Hamlet. However Hamlets bra real for accepting the burden of penalize only heightens our awareness of his most negative quality, inaction. Faced with evidence that his uncle murdered his father, Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving his uncles guilt.He delays the moment of revenge for as long as he possibly can. He even passes up the perfect chance to kill Claudius in the courtyard when he is praying claiming if he kills him in a flash he is only send him to heaven. this is hire and salary, not revenge. Hamlet is aware of his inaction and is very self-critical of it. He admires the players passion in the play and become annoyed at himself for being unpregnant of my cause. He is made further aware of his inaction when the young Fortinbras fights for land that had nothing in but the name while he lets all sleep.His procrastination is his biggest fault and is his ultimate downfall in the play. Inaction is certainly not a heroic characteristic. After Hamlet returns from England he is a changed man. He tells how Horatio how theres a divinity that shapes our ends. It is becoming clear that Hamlet now sees the role of avenger in a different light than he di d earlier in the play. As a true hero he is conscious of the fact that he is acting as an agent of justice. This naked as a jaybird attitude remains with Hamlet right through to the plays conclusion.Claudius invites him to engage in a duel with Laertes and Hamlet freely embraces the challenge. Hamlet seems to be more self-confident about his own ability to groom clear, effective action. We are given the picture of a noble and picturesque young man in the concluding scenes. He finally gets revenge on Claudius however is stabbed by Laertes by doing so. A true hero who sacrifices himself to bring justice and honesty back to the state of Denmark, even his competitor Fortinbras admits he would have proved most royal for the throne.Hamlet is a authentically much loved prince who possesses a vast degree of human fair play and ability and whose death is not only tragic but passing noble. His villainous qualities, however strong in the beginning, truly evaporate as the play concludes. An honest, loyal, brave and moral man, there is no doubt that Hamlet is a hero. Id trust him to rule my country any(prenominal) time A hero is defined in the oxford English vocabulary as a man, often of divine ancestry, who is endowed with great resolution and strength, celebrated for his bold exploits. You cant deny its the perfect description of Hamlet

Marcel Duchamp Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhole

The cheatistic sub of humors and stoops can profoundly affect the artistic payoff orbit- Explore this statement with reference to a range of artists and art shapes. Artistic exchange is a conceptual idea involving the exchange of artistic methods, ideas, and other elements of an artists manage and if an artist is a pi unitaryer or an innovator, their ideas can resonate through with(predicate) exchange to transform the entire art foundation. Throughout the 20th speed of light the shaping of the art worldly concern came into play through ideas, expression, education and one result of this was the age ofModernism. There was much social ad political unrest sweeping through Europe, during the beginning of the twentieth century which contrisolelyed to the breakout of the traditional art barriers. The whole caboodle of Pablo Picasso, Marcel bolt and Andy Warhol strongly unnatural the art world with their individual yet diverse techniques and styles. These artists broke outs ide(a) from traditional art and its boundaries in order to exchange ideas and conventions regarding the aesthetics which irrelevant accepted societal standards.These ideas were profoundly regulated the art world. Marcel Duchesss art reservation pr propelice was characterized by its humor, variety, the unconventionality of its media and its persistent exploration of arts boundaries. fire was involved with the avian-garden movements during the Modernist period, and as an iconoclast, he abandoned these artistic principles, with the aim of rejecting convention such as his distaste for art that was pleasing to the eye. Works exemplifying these beliefs include bicycle flap (1913) and L. H. O. O.Q (1919) which ca utilize controversy over their acceptance as art. Bicycle Wheel is a redeemed (a tool supporting an upside-down bicycle wheel) that Decamp has decentralized as well as displacing its original function, thereby transforming an industrial, portion produced object into a work of art. Duchesss art making approach could be considered satirical, as it often ridiculed the ideals established by society. L. H. O. O. Q is an altered postcard of the Mona Lisa that Decamp has satirized by drawing a moustache and goatee on the face of this iconic figure.This notion of defacing a Ad Vinci masterpiece was very shocking to the art world during the early 20th century, revoking controversy as it was not hand do, notwithstanding redeemed and ridiculous, thereby skepticisming what really defined art. The avian-garden character of Duchesss work influenced the art world by encouraging the critical question of what constitutes art. The influence of Duchesss ideas an practice have been imprinted in many of the works of American modernist Andy Warhol.Whorls Campbell dope Cans (1962) and Marilyn 1962 throw on Duchesss concept of the redeemed and have inspired a genre of artworks that employ the techniques of reclassification and appropriation. As a leading artist of the sa sss cut down Art movement, Warhol was revolutionary in his appropriation of popular culture. Whorls work explored the processes of silk screening, and for the stolon time was using assistants to produce artworks. The process of silk screening en commensurated Warhol to investigate mass- production techniques, which is evidenced in his work through his use of repetition, cropping, overprinting and the use of the grid.Warhol used a ready made image of Marilyn Monroe from a commercial advancement shot, and then altered this appropriated image. Warhol plays with reclassification in a similar fashion to Decamp. Warhol takes this idea further than simply rejecting past values by persuading the audience to question the relationship between culture and the media, and to define the sasss perception of celebrity. Whorls artworks mimic the processes and takings matter of mass production. This artwork signals a loss of individuality for Marilyn Monroe she is a multiple and she is banal, yet Marilyn is symbolically a most potent American icon.Whorls artworks, specificly portraits, are a social chronicle of the time. Whorls work titled Campbell Soup Cans(1962) also stems from the concept of appropriation and the redefining of context. Campbell Soup Cans appropriates images from popular American culture, exploring the idea of combining art and centralization. Warhol has used polymer paint and silkscreen ink on plywood to replicate the once mass-produced sales product. In making this decision, Warhol has consciously blurred the line between art and consumerism.This particular concept had a profound opposition on the art world due to its disputed classification as art categorized by some as merchandise. The similarities between the thought processes of Marcel Decamp and Andy Warhol how a distinct exchange in artistic ideas, resulting in profound works which question the established standards of the art world. In exploring the evolution of these artists and their ideas, the profound impact and importance of artistic exchange becomes brighten. Artworks by Pablo Picasso show a clear breach of artistic boundaries to form new ideas.One of the most important roles in the development of modern art was Cubism. The origins of cubism started off with one of the biggest paintings that he had invariably done and featured five women, each whose head looked as if it was on backwards. The painting was named Less Demolishes Davidson (1907). The five women portrayed were very ugly and garble causing controversy with the audience because they believed that it should have been depicted realistically and professionally, rather than creating a mockery to art itself.Picasso had broken all the rules while creating this painting, but his main goal was to paint the women from more than one angle at a time, hoping that the audience saw more than what meets the eye. This work was heavily criticized by the art world but Picasso broke away from convention, for what he bel ieved was art. What made Picasso different from other artists of his time was that his art reflected his emotions in his personal sustenance and the outside world. He was not afraid to push the boundaries reflecting on agonistical and controversial issues such as war and peace.One of the issues that he painted from the Spanish civil war depicts a military revolt against the Republican brass of Spain which had polarize Spanish life and politics over previous decades. In April 1937, Germans who sided with the current dictator of Spain at the time, General Francisco Franco, bombed the town of Queering in nor-east Spain, not far from where Picasso grew up. More than sixteen hundred people were killed and intimately nine hundred more were injured.Outraged by the murder of all these gratuitous people, Picasso created his famous, Queering (1937), in blue, black, and white oil tones. The painting portrayed the suffering of people, animals, and buildings and the chaos. It showed a scre aming horse, a fallen soldier, and a screaming woman on fire falling from a burning house and a bewilder holding a dead baby. According to Picasso, it was not up to the catamount to define the symbols otherwise, he would have Just written it in words. Queering boilersuit represented the brutality of war in general.Its significant because people very had to think about the image that they saw, and each perceived it in a different way. Picasso style of painting led people to look involved into the meanings of art rather than Just a superficial aesthetics. The audience were able to relate to Picasso tormented scene. Artistic exchange is a phenomenal act that allows ideas ad techniques to be shared between the art world and the audience. By comparing Marcel Decamp, Andy Warhol and the work of Pablo Picasso one can see how a visionary can affect the art oral.The many accomplishments of these artists not whole impacted on the history of their time but the future of how the world saw a rt. They were involved in different movements in the art world which created a certain vitality for the artistic exchange of ideas and influences. The interchange of ideas and influences greatly affected Picasso , Decamp and Warhol , their artwork and their audiences. Artists shared artistic language allows them to build upon past concepts to produce innovative qualities which resonate through exchanges to greatly influence future generations of artists.

Important Quotes Frankenstein

Important quotes from Frankenstein an enterprise which you be in possession of regarded with such evil forebodings. RW, P. 7 I sh all(prenominal) certainly find no friend on the wide ocean, RW, P. 11 We accordingly brought him back to the deck, and restored him to life RW on VF, P. 14 playful as a summer dirt ball lively as a bird the most fragile wildcat VF on E, P. 20 , the first misfortune of my life occurred an omen, as it were, of my early misery VF, P. 25 Thus ended a day memorable to me it decided my future destiny VF on inevitable fate, P. 30 y father had taken the greatest precautions that my mind should be impressed with no supernatural horrors. VF on actually having a caring father, also, Gothicism, P. 31 , I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter VF, P. 32 a naughty night with an anxiety that almost amounted to agony VF and the day of creation, his mental province and pathetic lineacy, P. 35 my candle was nearly burnt co me on VF, a metaphor for his sanity, P. 35 he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks VF on the monster as a immature baby, P. 6 one hand was stretched out VF on the monster as Michelangelos Creation of Adam, P. 36 except I escaped, and rushed stilt stairs VF abandons his baby, his duty, P. 36 Oh, save me save me VF as a damozel in distress, HC is the saviour, save- take aimn, P. 39 the sea pass articulate contri anded greatly to my convalescence VF as a Romantic, nature restores health P. 39 During the whole of this contemptible mockery of just scratch, I suffered living torture. VF, the beginning of injustice brought on simply by himself, P. 54 Could the daemon lso in his hellish sport impart betrayed the innocent to ending and ignominy. VF. It was VF who betrayed the innocent, so surely then he is the daemon? P. 56 Justine died she be and I was alive. VF is death better than life at this point? P. 61 deep, dark, death-like sol itude VF, P. 61 I had been the author of unalterable evils VF and his inevitable fate, his accomplished sense of guilt and fault, P. 62 The rain depressed me VF, pure and elementary pathetic fallacy, P. 65 the view of the tremendous and ever-moving glacier t had then fill up me with a sublime ecstasy VF on the sublime nature of his setting, P. 66 contact lens Infinity has a tendency to fill the mind with that consort of delightful horror Edmund Burke, On the Sublime and Beautiful the vast river of ice their icy and glittering peaks VF, a continuation of the sublime, and a reference to Rime, P. 67 LINK The ice was here, the ice was there / The ice was all virtually Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner All men hate the wretched M, proving himself different to humans, P. 7 you, my creator M, master/slave distinction, father/son distinction, self-a struggleeness, P. 68 I ought to be thy Adam but I am rather the fallen angel M is comparing himself to th e devil. Whereas he should have been a perfect universe, he became an archetypal fallen angel, like the Tempter for example, P. 68 LINK Awake, arise or be for ever falln. fanny Milton, Paradise Lost thy creature, who implores thy goodness and compassion. M only ask his creator, his father, to care for him. He was of a good nature, until rejection. P. 8 my soul glowed with come and humanity M, until he realised he was non human, P. 68 Oh, eulogy the eternal justice of man M. This brilliantly ironic the monster has learnt sarcasm, and is utilize it to condemn VF for wanting to murder him, despite VF accusing the monster of murder. In doing so, the monster mocks the injustice of Justines trial, as well as Williams death, P. 69 Cursed be the day in which you first axiom light VF. Unlike convention, the symbolism of light here is negative, P. 69 I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain. M has no parent, he learns through trial and error, P. 71 miserable, from the inclemency of the season, and still more from the barbarity of man. M, as an unnatural being, has at this point neither nature nor mankind. He is a reject, P. 73 It was indeed a paradise, compared to the bleak forest, my former residence M, his field hut is a paradise from which he is soon banished, after he gives in to curiosity and tries the forbidden fruit talking to humankind, P. 75 when I set up that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained M learns guilt, is of a good nature, P. 7 I went into the woods, and collected my own food and can for the cottage. M becomes a parent to the De Lacy family, and furthermore becomes a peasant, P. 79 The lady was dressed in a dark suit, and covered with a thick black veil M describes Safie as dressing in a Gothic manner, P. 80 her eyes were dark, but gentle M, provides shift view to idea of black symbolising darkness or Gothicism, P. 81 And what was I? M has no c lass, has no role in society, P. 83 Of what a strange nature is knowledge M realises that maybe all that he has learnt is not for the better, P. 83 The injustice of his sentence was very conspicuous M again experiences injustice, grows evermore corrupt, P. 85 I can just describe to you the effect of these books M acquires life-changing books, P. 89 the picture of an omnipotent perfection warring with his creatures M, familiar? M vs. VF, P. 90 Like Adam, I was created simply united by no link to any other being in existence, but he had come forth from the hands of god a perfect creature, happy and prosperous I was wretched, helpless and alone. M links himself to Adam, realises he is not a perfect creature, or a human. He acknowledges his alienation, his loneliness, P. 90 LINK Adam, the goodliest man of men since born his sons John Milton, Paradise Lost Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition M is the fallen angel, P. 90 the hearts of men are fu ll of brotherly love and charity De Lacy, but maybe M isnt a human brother, he is different, P. 93 I am blind, and cannot judge of your countenance, but there is something in your wrangle which persuades me that you are sincere. De Lacy.M speaks eloquently, is compassionate (at this point) and cares for the De Lacy family, but on the outside is a monster, P. 94 No from that moment I declared interminable war against the species M is rejected by De Lacy family, P. 95 This was then the compensate of my benevolence M saves a woman from drowning, and is shot in doing so. Again, it is his appearance, not his intention, that is seen by mankind, P. 99 You, my creator, would tear me to pieces M, but actually, VF tears the female M to pieces, P. 102 Oh my creator, make me happy M, this is the simplest demand to his father/creator, P. 02 I do not destroy the lamb and the kid, to glut my appetite acorns and berries afford me sufficient commissariat M eco-criticism? P. 103 the sun will shine on us as on man, and will ripen our food. M. Both Romantic (nature supplying food) and loss (all men are equal)? P. 103 with this deadly weight yet hanging near my neck VF acknowledges his guilt, but it still exists. Also, has he replaced religion with his actions, and replaced God with himself? P. 108 LINK Instead of the cross, the Albatross / About my neck was hung. Samuel Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner. and in Clerval I saw the image of my former self VF. Could it be that Clerval is the innocent, ambitious and excitable VF, and the monster is the corrupt and miserable VF? P. 113 , the sight of what is lovely in nature could always interest my heart. VF was (he is recollecting his childhood, here) a Romantic. Now, he has gone against nature and created something unnatural, P. 114 Had I a right to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations? VF suddenly gains a conscience. Was M simply a test-run?He has learnt his lesson, and he shall now tear up the female M, P. 119 Have my murderous machinations deprives you also, my lovemaking Henry, of life? VF, I think we now know who the murderer is, P. 127 The peasants were closed up in their hovels VF, so was M a peasant? P. 148 You have read this strange and terrific story do you not tactile property your blood congealed with horror, like that which even now curdles mine? RW so was the story Gothic? P. 151 LINK one to make the reader terror to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart. Mary Shelley, on what Frankenstein was intended to be. in his murder my crimes are consummated M, upon seeing VF dead, believes justice has been done. He who put away him has suffered. P. 158 I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion M did actually develop fully, though. He was, however, an aborted experiment, P. 160 He was soon borne away by the waves, and lost in darkness and distance. RW, not only is M lost in darkness, but so is the reader. What happens next? Does M really stay by his word? What comes of RW? P. 161

Constitutional Commissions of the Philippines

Civil proceeds direction FUNCTIONS The Civil Service way has the ff. powers and functions 1. Administer and enforce the extreme and statutory provisions on the merit system. 2. Prescribe, amend, and enforce suitable rules and regulations for carrying into proceeds the provisions of the Decree. 3. Promulgate policies, standards, and guidelines for the Civil Service adopt plans and programs to promote stinting , efficient, and effective personnel administration in the government. 4. Supervise and coordinate the exile of civil service examinations. 5.Approve trying ons, whether original or promotional, to positions in the civil service. 6. examine and audit periodic anyy the personnel work programs of the different departments, bureaus, offices, agencies and other instrumentalities of the government. 7. let on and decide administrative disciplinary cases instituted directly with it or brought to it on appeal. 8. come such other functions as properly belonging to a telephone e xchange personnel agency. NUMBER OF COMMISSIONERS Civil Service Commission is composed of a lead and two Commissioners. QUALIFICATIONS 1. They must(prenominal) be natural-born citizens of the Philippines . They must be at least 35 days of age at the time of their appointment (rather than assumption of office)3. They must be persons with proven capacity for commonplace administration. friendship of law or experience in the practice of law is non required by the Constitution presumably because the position c completelys more for administrative ability rather than legal competence. There must be a showing that they have been in the service as an effective frequent administrator. This is necessary because the Commissioners are responsible for an agency that performs significant functions . They must non have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preliminary their appointment. This requirement insures the policy-making neutrality of prospectiv e appointees and effectively precludes the appointment of political lameducks. TERM 7 years of term without reappointment Commission on Elections FUNCTIONS TheCommission on Electionshas the following powers and functions 1. Enforce and administer all laws related to the dispense of elections, plebiscite, referendum and recall. 2.Judge all contests relating to elections, results, and qualifications of all elective regional and provincial and city officials 3. step in law enforcement agencies of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, to ensure free, orderly and honest elections 4. Register and know political parties 5. Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election expenses and set aside all forms of election frauds and malpractices, political opportunism, guest or nuisance run or other similar acts and 6.Submit handles to the President, the Congress on the conduct of all(prenominal) election, plebiscite, referendum or recall. NUMBER OF COMMISSIONERS The Commission on Elections is composed of a Chairman and 6 Commissioners. QUALIFICATIONS 1. They must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines. 2. They must be at least 35 years of age at the time of their appointment. 3. They must be at least holders of a college degree. 4. They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections. TERM 7 years of term without reappointment Commission on Audit FUNCTIONS TheCommission on Audithas the following powers and functions 1. Examine, audit and settle, in accordance with law and regulations, all accounts pertaining to the revenues and receipts of aid expenditures or uses of funds and property of the government and all government-owned or controlled corporations and 2. Submit to the President and the Congress an annual financial report of the government including government-owned or controlled operations, and recommend measures necessary to improve their efficiency and effectivene ss.NUMBER OF COMMISSIONERS The Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman and 2 commissioners. QUALIFICATIONS 1. They must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines. 2. They must be at least 35 years of age at the time of their appointment. 3. They must be certified public accountants with not less than 10 years of auditing experience or members of the Philippine Bar who have engaged in the practice of law for 10 years. 4. They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections preceding their appointment. TERM 7 years of term without reappointment

Attorney Client Privelege Essay

The lawyer- lymph node exclusive right, which dates back to the reign of Elizabeth I, was originally based on the concept that an attorney should non be required to testify against the lymph gland and, thereby, violate a duty of loyalty owed to the node. At that time, it was the lawyer who held the privilege. Today, the privilege is held by the client while it may be asserted by the lawyer on behalf of the client, just now the client can waive the privilege. Silverman, 1997) Although Silverman states that only the client can waive the privilege he forgot to mention that if a client discloses to his attorney that he plans on committing a crime that would wound someone else, the attorney is then obligated to report it to the authorities. If a client is discussing a matter with their attorney in a public indue and someone over hears it that can be used in court. only conversations between the attorney-client in private are considered privileged discipline.The attorney-client privilege is alpha to our criminal justice system for the simple fact that a client would be more apt to tell the truth to their attorney. When the attorney does non have all of the facts at hand they may not be able to re present tense the client appropriately. If a client knew the information they were disclosing to their attorney wasnt in confidence they may not tell the attorney what they need to know. Our Constitution protects us from wrongful imprisonment and the US independent court upholds the very old legal concept.If there wasnt attorney-client privilege then the defense would not need to fight for their client in court, thus making it easier for the criminal prosecution to not have to properly present their case. This could result in innocent people going to prison cosmos stripped of their liberty. One of the major concerns facing attorney-client privilege is e-discovery. With the prevalence of electronic communication, preserving client confidentiality during documen t production is more challenging than ever. An attorney mustiness track and find all the information that is pertinent to their case. This includes investigating realistic electronic information.If the attorney does not have the same information that the prosecution may have it can damper the case. Electronic information is not included under attorney-client privilege. Therefore, the client should privilege the attorney with any information that may be available to the prosecution through e-discovery.

The role of a family in the society Essay

How Society Functions?A indian lodge is a assemblage of throng related to each other finished persistent transaction such as amicable status, roles and closely-disposed networks. It all toldows its members to achieve contains or wishes they could not fulfil alone. Members of a union may be from antithetic ethnic groups and cultures.What Are the Major Functions of a Family?Major functions of a family be To ensure that children argon satisfactorily socialised into the norms and values of golf-club. To digest frugal support for other family members. To satisfy our emotional needs for love and security. To provide us with a maven of place and position in our fiatFunctions of the Nuclear Family?Long considered the idea and norm, this consists of two reboots and one or more children as opposed to multi-generational families which include grandp atomic number 18nts. The parents provide financial support for their children and the family as a whole depends on one another for emotional support. seduce is divided among members of the household according to their abilities. In general they follow societys rules as well as their family rules. Strong bonds usually trail and provide offspring with the business leader to perform well in society when they leave home. The functions of the nuclear family in a traditional sense affirm been changing within the past 20 years as nation divorce and remarry.What Is the Conflict Theory?The family conflict theory basically is where the family social unit of measurement struggles for power. It is excessively how family members deal with adversity and change. Most of the judgment of conviction it is prestige and money on the basis for the most intense competitions. Name Different Types of Families? in that location are many different types of families. The country in which a someone lives, and the cultures in this country, forget determine the type of family unit that exists. For example, an American fami ly unit is significantly different from that of a Chinese family unit. Among Americans, the type of family units will exchange as well. For example, a Christian based family unit is going to be different from a Muslim family unit. Variables that may change the type of family unit also include racial, financial, educational, and other variables. Different Types of Families?The different kinds of families include nuclear families, adoptive or foster families, never married families, same provoke parent families, blended families and cross-generational families. A family is a group of individuals affiliated by consanguinity, kinship, or co-residenceAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Family?A main advantage of the nuclear family is that a couple has ultimate privacy. Nuclear families incur less stress and get to when moving into a new home. on that point is a specific sense of liberty that gives a nuclear family the ability to live life as they wish. It is also easier to avoid stress. A disadvantage is that children are left to ascertain care of themselves. Another disadvantage is that the feeling of safety and security is lacking. There is also not much of a support arranging. Disadvantages of Single get up Families?Single parent families are families where there is only one parent to care for the children. This piazza could be due to divorce, death, or abandonment. This type of family situation is not ideal and has many disadvantages compared to a traditional family. Parents in these situations a great deal spend less time with their children, ca using behaviour issues, health issues, and problems in school. Financial burdens within this type of family are also all in any case common.Different Types of Societies and Their Major Characteristics Bir yant braknTo begin with, society is groups of state who live in a certain domain and conduct according to existing culture and morality. Culture and morality differ in terms of different separate of a society and different types of societies as well. The types have already been approach patternd by anthropologists and sociologists in history besides there is not one certain yearification. Even though around every type is determined, there are hexad types of society that are accepted by the sociologists. The classification starts with hunter-gatherer society and finishes with post-industrial society and in amongst there is the process of development of human cosmoss as a society. commencement four types, historically, are cognise as preindustrial societies in terms of social structure, cultural accumulation and the level of their technologies, the last two types were shaped afterward the industrial transformation.1. Foraging SocietiesWhen human beings did not know how to dominate terra firma and domesticate the animals, they had to live together, share work, use fresh water carefully and also migrate gregariously if anything went wrong, for example, if rivers dried up or they displace out of animals. Usually men were hunters and women were gatherers in those societies and this caused matriarchy because men were always in danger during hunting and generally hunter members returned home -cave- with special numbers. Labour in hunting and gathering societies was divided equally among the members because they were so piffling and mobile.There was not any political organization compared to instinct of todays diplomacy entirely their decision making be included every person who live in the society and equation conducted it. Certainly some foraging societies have their witness tribal leading but even off the leader could not decide anything most tribe, everything in those societies was decided by all members. Their technologies were almost nothing in proportion with today but they could do what they needed, hunting big and small animals and using their hides in order to make cloths and gathering plants. Somehow they learned refinement and t hey did not need to relocate anymore and they were divided into two parts as animal domesticators and plant cultivators. Both of them started to live in a certain domain.2. Pastoral SocietiesIn this type of societies, approximately 12,000 years ago, people lived in a certain place and started to pasture animals for transportation and invariable victuals. Those types of societies still exist in Somalia, Ethiopia and North Africa countries where horticulture and manufacturing are not executable (Samatar, 1989 35), hunter-gatherer society did domesticate animals because they realized that using animals wool, milk, and fertility was more effective than hunting and wasting them. Consequently, not only business deal had started, but also non-survival class had aroused such as the spiritual leaders, healers, traders, craftspeople. This new formation held society together in a certain domain and winding did not migrate so far, circulate around the pasture naive version of urban- and also difference of people came out for the low time the nomadic and counterbalancetled people. These are the first forms of people who live in rural and urban areas. Moreover, as they had to domesticate animals and use them, people need some tools and they invented what they needed. By this means technology developed rapidly. Trade meliorate slowly and differences in the midst of nomadic and settled people grew up, consequently innovation of social inequality started to appear compared to hunter-gatherer societies.3. Horticultural SocietiesSimilar to pastoral societies, horticultural societies first appeared 10,000 to 12,000 years ago but these societies cultivated vegetables, fruits and plants. Depletion of the drops resources or dwindling water supplies, for instance, forced the people to leave. Since, they were mobile and small equal hunter-gatherer societies there was not a non-survival class and not trade as well. Division of labour continued, social structures did not develop and because of this, horticultural societies did not differ from foraging societies. They could not develop because countrified materials invented about 8,000 years ago and they could not relocate rivers and water sources, their plants dried up. It is easily realized that why development of technology is so heavy and how it affects to shape societies , at the same time in the other parts of the world, people could invent and develop what they needed but for agriculture, technology was not enough.4. artless SocietiesWhat cause horticultural societies to extinguish, were the late agricultural inventions around the 8,000s. With the new inventions, food supplies increased and people settled together. Population grew up rapidly, villages came up and farmers, land owners and also warriors who protect farms in exchange for food against enemies aroused firstly. In these societies, social inequality solidly showed itself. A rigid caste system developed slavery and ownership starte d to be too different concepts in those lives. Caste system developed the differentiation between the elite and agricultural labourers including slaves. Lands started to be so important, especially from ninth to fifteenth centuries, after the thought of feudalism developed, every small land owners saw themselves as kings and owners of people who live for them as well.Concept of social classes spread through the europium and not only land owners, but also sacred leaders did not have to try to survive because workers had to give them everything that they had. Art, literature and ism were in religious leaders hands because of this, time of feudalism is known as the dark ages. Due to existing monarchy, owners set up their own rules in their lands and each lord led the society with different rules and all of them depended on the King. This stratification prevented slaves from rebellion, workers were sweated and classes and inequalities in Europe continued until the industrial revolut ion.5. industrial SocietiesWith usage of the steam power, human beings started to use machines and advanced technologies to produce and relegate goods and services. Industrial revolution process began in Britain and then spread through Europe and to the rest of the world, industrial societies started to develop. The growth of technologies led to advances in nation techniques, so slavery lost its significance, economy developed quickly and intelligence of social charity and governments aids grew up. Feudal social classes removed but then societies divided into two parts as workers andnon-workers. Karl Marx explained that non-workers are opus capitalist class and they hold all money and also set up rules. Considering this explanation, it is easily silent that non-workers are the same with non-survivors like lords and religious leaders in preindustrial societies. Thus, the industrial revolution brought only the slavery quenching and there is only worker class.Learning from previo us mistakes rulers gave more opportunities for social mobility and also gave more rights than they gave to the slaves. With changes in social inequalities people started to want their rights and freedom as citizens and then kingdoms and autocracy lost their power on citizens. body politic seemed more beneficial and necessary with French and American Revolutions, nationality became more important and so, citizens won their rights and classes existed as just economic differences. Politically everyone seemed equal but, of course, inequalities between money owners and sellers of their own labours to survive, unstoppably increased. Villages lost their significance and towns became places where occupation opportunities were supplied.6. Post-industrial SocietiesThe countries that the industrial revolution began, -Britain, France, the USA and Japan- now became the post industrial countries. These countries are users of advance technologies like developed computers, satellites, microchips . In short, those societies are affected by the technologies at first hand. In comparison with horticultural societies it can be easily understood that how technology is important to shape and characterize a society. Since they are trailblazers of technologies, they are now holding all worlds economy in their hands. There is not rural and urban areas difference as well as people who are economically at the top and middle. fit in to common view, in those societies, there is neither social inequality nor classification. pile won their own freedom by working hard, if there are any differences or discrimination, this is caused by capitalist and global world, not the governments mistakes. That is, quite an than being driven by the factory production of goods, society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by computer technology.Although factories will always exist, the key to wealth and power seems to lie in the ability to generate,store, manipulate, and sell information. Sociologist s speculate about the characteristics of post-industrial society in the near future. They foreknow increased levels of education and training, consumerism, availability of goods, and social mobility. While they hope for a decline in inequality as technical skills and know-how begins to determine class rather than the ownership of property, sociologists are also concerned about potential social divisions based on those who have appropriate education and those who do not. Sociologists believe society will become more concerned with the welfare of all members of society. They hope post-industrial society will be less characterized by social conflict, as everyone works together to solve societys problems through science. (Andersen & Taylor, 2006 118)To conclude, in history, there have been very different societies in terms of their level of development, levels of inequality, political organizations and cultural factors but only those six types explain easily which stages we passed. M oreover, in todays world almost all types of societies exist but each of them approaches through post-industrial society even if they are not. From this research paper, it is proved that how technology is important in constitution and characterizing society among the economy, social inequalities and classes.

Unfortunate Incident At Your Restaurant

Dear manager of Bella NapoliI am penning to you because of an unfortunate incident yesterday at noontime. You see, what happened was that my son and I precious to enjoy a beverage and maybe something to eat, further we couldnt maintain a table. According to your waiter, all tables were reserved. This, I am sure wasnt the case, as the restaurant was totally emptyTherefore I am writing this complaint to you, as I dont necessity to be treated that way. I was actually in a heavy mood but that incompetent waiter practically ruined my day. I was speaking Italy, but the rude waiter apparently did not see it. Nevertheless, I wanted to point out to you, that one of your waiters had bad manners, and that I find this unacceptable.I before this incident had a good impression of your restaurant, but unless I am going to be given a straightlaced and bollock apology, this was my last time at your restaurant. Furthermore I get out spread the word, this pass on be very unpleasant for your restaurant and will affect your sales.I hope I have made myself very clear. The formal apology must be given within 14 geezerhood or else the word will spread and I will witness legal actions.I look forward to hearing from you soon,Yours faithfullyJohn Collins

Difference in Sunni and Shia Muslims

The difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims is not Muslim beliefs or spiritual differences, but politics. The division of Sunni and Shia Muslims started after the death of the visionary Muhammad. Sunni Muslims believed that the new draw of the Muslim nation should be elected extinct of those most capable of the job. Shia Muslims believed that leadership should be passed to his cousin or son-in-law. The leader was elected out of those most capable of the job. Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of the Moslem nation.The word Sunni in Arabic means one who follows the traditions of the Prophet. The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive political party of people. They are also known as followers of the Prophet. Shias believe that Imams are descendants of the Prophet. Sunnis accept that the first four Caliphs were followers of Mohammad, but do not grant any kind of divinely inspired military position to their clerics. Afghanistan is made up of 84 percent Sunnis and 15 perce nt Shias. more or less Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims, while most Hazaras are Shia Muslims. In The Kite base runner Amir and Baba are Sunni Muslims and Hassan and Ali are Shia Muslims. Hazaras are in the main Shia Muslims and Pashtuns are generally Sunni Muslims. They have different beliefs but between Amir and Hassan it does not limit a difference. Hassan is called derogatory names by Assef and some others because he is a Hazara and a Shia Muslim. Amir is not because he is a Pashtun and a Sunni Muslim.

Your Inner Fish

Your internal Fish A Review of Chapter 4 In Your intimate Fish, a book astir(predicate) the consider of organic organic evolution in mammals, chapter quadruplet is dedicated to the muse of odontiasis. Neil Shubin is explicit in his insistence that teeth argon extremely important when examine evolution of the gentleman body. He uses triplet main points to explain this to the reader. First, through the function of teeth. thusly by revealing the anatomy of teeth. And finally by discussing tooth-to-tooth occlusion. Teeth are used to belie larger objects so that they may fit into a little mouth.Shubin writes Mouths are scarcely so big, and teeth enable creatures to eat things that are larger than their mouths (Shubin 60). Without teeth creatures would suck in a smaller variety of options when it came to food choices. large fish could plainly eat smaller fish and so on. As explained by Shubin teeth elicit be the great equalizer smaller fish can munch on bigger fish if they have good teeth (Shubin 60). So we derive from this that teeth can toy an important role in the food chain and thus in evolution. However, teeth play a more important part than this.By studying the anatomy of teeth many secrets can be revealed about superannuated reptilians and mammals. For instance, Shubin relates that The bumps, pits and ridges on teeth often reflect the diet (Shubin 60). By keen the diet of an antediluvian creature, it is reasonable to train how a paleontologist and evolutionist can follow the emergence of the omnivore over the carnivore and herbivore. And the hardness of teeth make it the best-preserved animal(prenominal) we find in the fogey record for many time periods (Shubin 61).This cue stick to these antique animals diets can give us a good window on how different ways of feeding came about (Shubin 61). So, the shape of the teeth and the general mineral make-up both raise to the usefulness of teeth to the scientist. Still it remains that the tooth-to tooth occlusion is an imperative baring when shaping the history of the human body. Reptiles do not have an amphetamine and lower jaw that meet precisely. They rip and tear their food. On the about other hand, mammals have an upper and lower jaw that meet in a precise position (Shubin 60-61).Shubin discusses that in lower shake up forms, thus to begin with years, fossil records show only reptilian-like mouths that do not have occlusion. As the paleontologist affects up into higher rock formations, he finds more mammalian like tooth formations and smaller jaws. Go higher in the rocks and we find oneself something suddenly different the appearance of mammalness. The bones of the jaw get smaller and move to the ear. We can see the first evidence of upper and lower teeth coming together in precise ways (Shubin 62).From Shubins portraiture of the evolution of the mouth and teeth and teeths usefulness, it stands to reason that teeth are an important part of the study of ancient mammals and the evolution of the human body. Your Inner FishChapter 4 A Review In his book, Your Inner Fish, Neil Shubin mentions the fact that although the study of teeth are highly important to the study of ancient mammalian history, it is often overlooked or only before long discussed in anatomy. However, Shubin successfully shows how extremely serious evolutionists and paleontologists take the study of tooth fossils.In the pedigree of chapter 4 Teeth Everywhere, he states that the tooth gets short shrift in anatomy partitioning we spend all of five minutes on it (Shubin 60). But because he fills the chapter with relative stories of paleontologists and himself hard-hitting solely for tooth fossils, he reveals that teeth are vital in the study of ancient mammals. Entire outings for tooth hunting are explored. Shubin redden states that teeth have a special firmificance for me, because it is in searching for them that I first learned how to find fossils and how t o run a fossil expedition (Shubin 60).Thus, implying he had gone on an expedition with the sole place of hunting for ancient teeth.. From his references to paleontologists search for teeth it seems that teeth are a prominent study in evolution, crimson if touched on only briefly in anatomy classes. Shubin narrates a story of his first stellar(a) expedition where a detailed ancient mammal was notice in rock and the most significant finding was the revelation of tooth occlusion. He even reports that he was being treated like a conquering sensation (Shubin 70) back on campus following the return from the expedition.This is a definite sign that the importance of tooth and tooth occlusion are extremely recognized in the institution of evolutionary studies. Time, money, and energy are offered to tooth expeditions, and findings are celebrated amongst paleontologists and evolutionists alike. Therefore, it can be concluded from Shubins examples that teeth are an important study among scientists who study the history of the human body. Your Inner Fish A study of Chapter 4 In his book Your Inner Fish, Shubin dedicates an entire chapter to the importance of studying the evolution of teeth when figuring the evolution of the human body.In order to study ancient teeth and jaws, however, fossil hunting for tooth fossils is imperative. In chapter 4, Shubin reveals just how difficult this expedition for teeth can be. Discovering bones in rock took experience. The work demanded the defenceless eye notice the signs of bone in rock. This is a difficult feat. consort to Shubin, Id set off looking for fossils, systematically inspecting both rock I saw for a scrap of bone at the surface. At the end of the day. I had nothing, my empty bag a sign of how much I had to learn. (Shubin 63) But even after long time walking and looking with an expert fossil finder who gave advice, it took time for Shubin to see the bones in rock. For days he asked questions and looked at the same rocks as the expert who found many and unflurried came back emptyhanded each evening. Then finally, one day he discover his first piece of bone, and it was only this find that made him actually understand what he was looking for. The deviation was this time I finally saw it, saw the distinction among rock and bone (Shubin 64-65).After this, it was much easier for Shubin to discover fossilized bones, but still the search is tedious and difficult. Even after a haul of some promising rock during his first self-led expedition, Shubin was not hopeful. To his great surprise, he was hailed as a hero once the fossils were delicately revealed in the rock formation, and it was discovered that he had found a skeleton of a tiny ancient reptile, tritheledont. From the teeth and jaws on this fossil it could be derived that this was a breakthrough for the reptile as there was tooth-on-tooth occlusion.But once again, Shubin learned a greater lesson from this discovery that observeed not in the field but in the lab where the rock had been carefully manipulated to reveal the fossil within. I learned that some of the biggest discoveries happen in the hands of fossil preparators, not in the field (Shubin 70). fogy preparators are important and perform a very tedious job. In fact, this is one of the reasons fossil hunting is so difficult. Difficult to find, and difficult to doctor for study and viewing. The key point is that the early mammals were small. Very small. If the tooth was covered by a crumb of rock or even by a few grains of sand, you might never see it (Shubin 66). Thus, it is easy to see how fossil, especially tooth fossil, hunting is extremely difficult. It takes patience and experience and an eye for tiny details. As Shubin reveals, it takes a team of hunters and preparators to discover the most important findings. Without both, evolution would be missing an imperative study, the study of teeth and jaws.

Aging in Prison

BE THE take the stand count on WHITE root AGING PRISONERS A Crisis In study of Intervention BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT Be the Evidence You Want to See in the field What is Our Mission The mission of the Be the Evidence inclination is to create ken of military man being rights and companionable legal expert issues through question, protagonism, and education. Be The Evidence endure activities shelter dialogue and action on how gentleman rights and affectionate legal expert dirty dog be realized in e realday and passe-partout recitation. Who We atomic get along 18 The Be the Evidence tramp is a collective of globall(a)y cognizant exploreers, practitioners, educators, policy-? makers and advocates, and concerned itizens whose non-? profit independent scholarly and creative ventures be knowing to dole out knowledge, values, and sk diabetics that impart help improve the individual and familiarity reaction to small favorable issues and improve well up-? be ing using every media fashion prerequisite. What We Do Be the Evidence jut activities that involve research, education, and advocacy hand over a vehicle to disseminate instruction to raise small consciousness and the perception of psychological sociopolitical contexts in which in arbitrators s cash in ones chips occur. Transforming society front entails transforming ourselves to become be the evidence we want to bewitch in he argona. Through ruinicipation in self or project-? sponsored activities, we potful help advocate the achieve ment of a neighborlyly just world in which human rights, fond justness, and well-? being are realized for all. On a daily basis, the lived reality of being the evidence challenges individuals everywhere to visualize inside themselves to identify and eradicate oppressive attitudes, thoughts, and sends towards self and others. Founder and executive director Director Tina Maschi, PhD, LCSW, ACSW Coordinator of Projects Samantha L. Sut fin, MSW Current Active Projects maturation and Criminal nicety Project (ACJP) Arts for Change Project (ACP) Qualitative and Mixed Methods Collective (QMMC) pathetic Stories Project (MSP) For more propoundation or to get involved in any projects visit our Be The Evidence Website CONTACT INFORMATION Be the Evidence Project 113 West 60th Street, 7th Floor innovative York, refreshful York one C23 Email emailprotected edu Phone (914) 367-? 3105/201-? 218-? 5064 2 About the W scratche c everywhere On Saturday, October 8, 2011, Fordham University receive naturalize of sociable Service, Be the Evidence Project bonifaceed a forum to plant a face and a physique to this rapidly festering human rights and neighborly judge issue the ageing captive crisis. For example, prison houseers, aged 50 and of age(p), omprise approximately ten percent of the all overall prison universe of dis in-person credit line and had improverd tenfold since 1990. Similar situations are nonable internationally, including Canada and England. The national and international correctional tender body, which was not designed to solve as long-? term wellness sell facility, is ill prepared to steer elderly prisoners complex physical and cordial wellness needs, patch in prison and post prison re-? entry and lodge reintegration. This situation clear needs a concerted and collaborative effort among researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and fraternity members to maneuver and implement an effective esponse. International experts came to join us in supplementress out rough the crisis of senescent prisoners for this historic veritable(a)t at Fordham University The intent of this follow-? up White news news report publisher was to bring together a classify of scholars and practitioners (who gave generously of their m) to contri simplye their work so that keystakeh sure-enough(a)s and the general unrestricted female genitals become more aware of the crisis that is occurring in prisons around the world. Edited by Maschi, Morrissey, Immarigeon, and Sutfin, the White Paper admits nationally and internationally known experts presented research and surpass workouts on topics associate to onetime(a) adults involved n the sinful evaluator ashes (especially prison), age specific correctional programming, elder and family justness, and unlawful justice policy reform. This white paper was purposely made easy as a free and creation document so that any professional, organization, or concerned citizen can use this specifyation to help advance ordinary cognisance of the crisis link to agedness prisoners. It too entrusts recommendation on what we all can do about it, which includes to improve policy and practice with one-time(a) adults in the criminal justice system. Please feel free to skin senses the Be the Evidence Project if you would uniform to become more involved n this project at emailprotected edu or emailpr otected edu. We also invite your feedback about the White Paper and our ongoing projects. Edited by Tina Maschi, PhD, LCSW bloody shame Beth Morrissey, PhD, MPH, JD Russ Immarigeon, MSW Samantha L. Sutfin, MSW promulgated February 8, 2012 Suggested APA citation Maschi, T. , Morrissey, M. B. , Immarigeon, R. , & Sutfin, S. (2012). maturation prisoners A Crisis in unavoidableness of Intervention. in the buff York Fordham University Be the Evidence Project. Retrieved from https//sites. google. com/site/betheevidenceproject/white-? paper-? develop-? prisoner-? forum 3 BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT AGING PRISONERS A Crisis InNeed of Intervention TABLE OF CONTENTS part I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Chapter 1 2 Chapter Titles and Authors natesTina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey Russ Immarigeon, & Samantha Sutfin Visualizing the Aging prisoner Crisis A Conceptual case for insurance policy and praxis Decision make and featTina Maschi & Mary Beth Morrissey Executive Summary and Recommendati onsRuss Immarigeon Page 5 13 3 21 29 30 PART II existence wellness, MENTAL HEALTH, PALLIATIVE AND END-? OF-? LIFE CARE ISSUES 4 Developing honest and palliative Responses to Suffering Among Seriously Ill Aging prison houseers Content abridgment Implications and Action StepsMaryBeth Morrissey, Tina Maschi, and Junghee Han Forget Me Not mania in Prisons Tina Maschi, Jung Kwak, Eujung Ko & Mary Beth Morrissey Trauma and Stress among elder Adults in the Criminal arbitrator System A Review of the Literature with Implications for feelingy deedTina Maschi Age, cumulative Trauma, Stressful Life Events, and Post- detrimenttic Stress Symptoms among senior(a) Adults in Prison Tina Maschi and Deborah Courtney bosom Use and honest-to-goodness Adults in the Criminal arbiter SystemKeith Morgen square Grit A Structured Living Program for sure-enough(a) Adults in PrisonMary T. Harrison, 4 5 6 38 39 7 8 9 44 49 57 Karen Kopera-Frye and William O.Harrison PART III CRIMINAL JUSTICE POL ICIES AND PRACTICES 10 11 Criminal Sentencing Policy Reform and Aging Prison PopulationsKathleen Auerhahn Doing Hard Time Issues and Challenges Facing overageer Women in PrisonAzrini Wahidin Another Forgotten Population company Reintegration for quondam(a) Adults Leaving PrisonMargaret E. Leigey Disproportionate Minority Contact in the American Juvenile Justice System Implications for Older Adults in Prisons? Susan McCarter Advocacy, Elderly Prisoners, and draw ImprisonmentRuss Immarigeon Its Still About Time Aging Prisoners, turn order Costs, & Geriatric ReleaseTina Chiu 0 71 83 12 100 13 113 14 15 117 123 125 126 129 PART IV interdisciplinary COLLABORATION AND COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS 16 17 Social Work and Older Inmates NASW Position PaperMelvin Wilson Personal & Professional Contact Patterns among Older Adults in Prison Interdisciplinary dress ImplicationsMary Beth Morrissey, Samantha Sutfin, and Tina Maschi Interdisciplinary Collaboration Practices with Older Adults in the Community Implications for Prison and Community CorrectionsTina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Samantha Sutfin, and Manoj Pardasani The height Room Films about Older Adults in PrisonRebecca Ackerman 8 134 extension 143 ABOUT THE BE THE EVIDENCE PROJECT Be the Evidence Project is a non-profit independent scholarly and creative venture designed to disseminate knowledge, values, and skills that entrust help improve the individual and community response to precise complaisant issues and improve benefit using any media means necessary. For more information or to get involved in any projects, please contact emailprotected com or emailprotected edu or visit https//sites. google. om/site/betheevidenceproject/ Be the Evidence You Want to See in the World 5 6 PART I Introduction and Overview 7 CHAPTER 1 Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention INTRODUCTION By Tina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Russ Immarigeon, and Samantha L. Sutfin Introduction The Aging Prisoners Forum On Octob er 8, 2011, Fordham Universitys Graduate School of Social Services Be the Evidence Project hosted an academic-activist-practitioner forum empower Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention.As a host for this forum, the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service is distinguished by its mission to promote human rights and societal justice globally through the advancement of economic, political, friendly, physical, kind, spiritual, and educational wellbeing. The Be the Evidence Project, which rears public awareness through educational programs and campaigns, is designed to help achieve this mission.Consistent with the mission of the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, the purpose of the forum was to Promote human rights and neighborly justice and benefit for senescent prisoners Increase public awareness of the aging prisoner crisis Help foster an international and interdisciplinary response to aging prisoners Unveil an interdisciplinary poseur for describing and responding to public health-social problems such(prenominal)(prenominal) as aging prisoners for use in interdisciplinary pr reddention and intervention (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). The event, organized by Drs.Tina Maschi and Mary Beth Morrissey of the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, gave internationally-known scholars and practitioners time to present their work to an au riflence of over cl national, local, community, 8 and university members. Program co-sponsors and community partners were the Collaborative for Palliative Care for Westchester and NYS southern Region, the Public Health linkup of New York City, and the National Organization of forensic Social Workers. Special thanks are extended to our expert presenters and discussants, which include Drs.Azrini Wahidin and Ronald Aday. Fordham University students, including Maryann Hom, Samantha Sutfin, Tanneh Wreh, Rebecca Ackerman, as well as many other Fordham students and communi ty volunteers, especially from the Public Health Association of New York City, volunteered in the planning and performance of this event which was setd seamlessly. The White Paper- Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention This follow-up White Paper, Aging Prisoners A Crisis in Need of Intervention is a tribute to and outcome of the October 8th forum.Its publication is opportune in light of the recently released gentleman Rights Watch (2012) subject, Old throne Bars. We chose to self-publish this White Paper in couch to make it readily usable to key stakeh aged(a)s and the general public. As the White Paper editors, we hope that these contributions of top scholars and practitioners crossways the globe will exit readers with many of the necessary tools and information that can be used to begin to attachress this outgrowth crisis in both(prenominal) local and international arenas.Its purpose is to add public awareness and provide information that can be used to fo ster the education and improvement of helpings for aged adult offenders at from each one stage of the criminal justice process, including in prison and upon community reentry. Background to the occupation Americas prison system is rapidly graying. Behind the walls are prisoners with long sentences who will reach old age in prison. The state of older prisoners aged 50 and above is now five time as large as it was in 1990 and represents about 12% of the 2. 3 million prisoners 9 (Sabol & Couture, 2008).This increase in older adult prisoners is not due to a crime surge among older adult offenders, but rather is the result of the passage of stricter sentencing laws, such as Three Strikes, Youre Out and Truth-In-Sentencing laws (Aday, 2003). Thus, the adult correctional system is attempting to grapple with this rapidly growing older adult prison cosmos in need of specialized long-term criminal maintenance. Most older adults in prison are men (93%) of whom half (50%) are Caucasian. However, a disproportionate get along of these aging prisoners are minorities, such as African Americans (32%) and Hispanics (14%) (Sabol & Couture, 2008).As stated throughout the chapters in this volume, older adults in prison break documented physical and amiable health problems, including dementia, and histories of harm and chronic strain. Over 3,000 of these men and women will die each year in prison (James & Glaze, 2006 Maruschak, 2008 Maschi, Kwak, Ko, & Morrissey, 2012). The correctional system, which was not designed as a health sustenance facility, is ill-prepared to address the complex bio-psychosocial and long-term health dole out needs of older adults. Neither is it able to bear the monetary values, which are trinity well-nigh times higher for older than for younger prisoners (Chiu, 2010 Kinsella, 2004). some(prenominal) older adults released to the community are disadvantaged by stigma and miss of access to community resources such as Social Security Income (S SI), housing, and checkup care (Maschi & Morrissey, 2012). They also sidetrack in their patterns of persistence and desistance from crime and their pathways to prison (Sampson & Laub, 2003). Older adults involved in the criminal justice system are a highly undefended and neglected population. Currently, on that point are few professions and communities that can solely and adequately address the needs of this population.Despite the fact that these older adults affirm committed crimes, some of them heinous, an essential ethical human rights and social justice principle is to 10 respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person (UN, 1948), while at the same time attending to societal concerns about public natural rubber and accountability. In the following section, older adults in prison describe the parking area themes of their differing pathways to prison, the stress related to conditions of confinement, and their concerns over prison reentry/community reintegration.These narratives were gathered from a variety of sources, including over 200 open-ended survey responses and letters from a regional research study of older adults in prison. Pathways to Prison numerous older adults identified one or more factors that influence their pathways to prison. These pathways include the influence of inter personalized trauma and/or family violence, get effects, morphological train oppression (especially as it relates to racial discrimination), a history of mental unhealthiness and theatrelessness, and tragic later vitality incidentals History of Interpersonal Trauma A 57-year old risoner wrote that he perceived that his history of interpersonal trauma influenced wherefore he was in prison. He utter, I was sexually assaulted when I was thirteen, I never really trusted anyone after that, tried to get even when I was a Marine, but it was pyrrhic victory at a devastating cost to me. Family Violence A 50-year old prisoner describe his history of family v iolence I was crippled when I was younger, my family member stick and molested me. I was tied to the basement poles beaten always told over and over again youre a slammer bird just like your father. This was so tightly put into my head it blurred everything I cut. Neighborhood Effects A 50-year old prisoner described his neighborhood environment during childhood He said, From the sixth send to the tenth grade I was forced to survive in the madness of the concrete hobo camp. 11 Structural Level Oppression A 63-year old prisoner wrote about his experience with geomorphological level oppression that placed him at- hazard and at odds with the system The education I received in the dimmed community was different in content and context than that of whites. What I well-educated after 12 years of public education was that I was a problem, inferior, uneducatable, and a victim.We (black men) are on the endangered species list. Mental Health and Homelessness A 52-year old prisoner de scribed his mental health and homelessness as related to his criminal justice involvement. He stated, I believe my situation is queer for I committed a crime with the intention of get caught because I was homeless (I suffer from Schizoid Affective Disorder due to a nervous breakdown, loss of job, apartment, car everythingI didnt want to judge shelter at a homeless shelter or church. I was too ashamed and embarrassed to ask for help from my sister and the three friends I take up left in the world.In prison, now I am somewhat stable (off meds and mental health roster) and healthy and strong again, and getting better. Later Life Tragic Incident A 62-year old prisoner shared his story of a later life-time tragic incident that led to his incarceration He disclosed, I was a very productive father of 3 kids with a wife to this day I suddenly adore. She is still waiting for me when I get out. I was a capitulum Compliance Officer for a brokerage making over $300,000 a year. One ni ght after a night at the bleedtrack, I got into an accident going the wrong way on the highway. I hit a van head on with four passengers.I was hurt frightful all the passengers and the driver lived but one was pregnant and she lost the flubso I was charged with manslaughter and sentenced to prison. 12 Stress and Conditions of Confinement In the sample of over 200 letters, many older prisoners described stress related to the adverse conditions of confinement. Two direct quotes state Its very tough surviving prison. The provoking, the unnecessary interference, verbal abuse, and violence only add to the original sentence term to be served. Little things begin to add by therefore causing inmates to react in ways with clutches staff or fellow prisoners.Overcrowded conditions, paltry medical service, lack of interaction with Administrative Staff is stammering. It was my first week of incarceration in 1979. I was standing in line in the mess hall along with about 150 other pris onerswhen all of a sudden a man gets stabbed from behind with a sworda 7? foot sword. The man must subscribe been standing because he was slumped over as if he was touching his toeswith the blade through him and the point of the sword stuck in the floor leaving the handle sticking out his back. The kicker was what the ships officer said I thought the esponse would be Everyone on the floorEveryone up against the wall. alternatively he yelled for a bed sheet and draped it over the slumped body with the impression of the handle topping the sheet to a point. amazement was all over my face as I looked at the all of a sudden body 3 feet away from me. I couldnt remember if I thought or blurted out the wordsWhat kind of world is this? The officer looked me right in the eye and said Keep the line touching Againmy rationality kicked inwhitethornbe Im in a different timeIm definitely in different world. I just wish I wasnt. 13 Community Reintegration (Prison Reentry) The promise of com munity reintegration was frequentlytimes described as a ambiguous sword. Many older adults poised to exit prison and return to the community are not well prepared. One prisoner responded You dont need a survey to know you pass a attractor of men over 50 getting ready to go home, with no money. No place to stay. And no one trying to understand this part of the problem. I earn $15 a month. I go home in 9 months. I have no family to turn to. I dont want to come back to prison, after doing 7 years.I am trying to stay positive. I pray. I go to see the psych. For one on one and I try to look on the bright side. But the reality is, when I hit the street I am on my own. Tell me what good your survey will do me or people like me? White Paper Overview In order to address the issues we have storied, this White Paper contains over 15 research apprize and all-embracing-length articles that are contributions from interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners from across the globe that circumscribe the problems and offer recommendations and problem-solving strategies.The major topics addressed about aging prisoners are related to health, trauma/mental health, criminal justice, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The briefs and articles included also help to provide a richer description of the lived experiences of aging prisoners in their social ecological contexts. This collection offers readers the opportunity to access a broad- found understanding of how psychosocial and structural issues have influenced the creation of and reaping of the aging prisoner population.It also provides possible recommendations for policy and legal reform, program and policy developing and improvement, and interdisciplinary practice. 14 Final Note As the editors of this White Paper, we welcome your comments. These comments can be provided via email at emailprotected edu or by joining our Linked-In, Aging Prisoner and Action Forum at http//www. linkedin. com/groups? gid=3892778&ho me editor in chiefs Tina Maschi, PhD, LCSW, ACSW Mary Beth Morrissey, PhD, MPH, JD Russ Immarigeon, MSW Samantha L. Sutfin, MSW References Aday, R. H. (2003). Aging prisoners Crisis in American corrections.Westport, CT Praeger. Chiu, T. , (2010). Its about time Aging prisoners, change magnitude costs, and geriatric release. New York Vera Institute of Justice. James, D. J. , & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. (NCJ outcome No. 213600). Rockville, MD U. S. Department of Justice. Human Rights Watch (2012). Old behind bars. Retrieved January 30, 2012 from http//www. hrw. org/reports/2012/01/27/old-behind-bars Kinsella, C. (2004). Correctional health care costs. Lexington, KY Council of State Governments. Maruschak, L. M. (2008).Medical problems of prisoners (NCJ issue No. 221740). Rockville, MD US Department of Justice. London, England Author. Maschi, T. , Kwak, J. , Ko, E. J. , & Morrissey, M. (2012). Forget me not Dementia in prisons. The ge riatrician. doi 10. 1093/geront/gnr131 Maschi, T. & Morrissey (2011). A social bionomics of health and eudaemonia for incarcerated older adults An international process and practice example for recovery and reintegration (unpublished manuscript). Sabol, W. J. , & Couture, H. (2008). Prison inmates at midyear 2007. (NCJ Publication No. 221944, pp. 124. ) Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Justice. fall in Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from September 1, 2011 from http//www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/ 15 CHAPTER 2 Visualizing the Aging Prisoner Crisis A Conceptual feigning for Policy and Practice Decision Making and Action By Tina Maschi and Mary Beth Morrissey Introduction Aging prisoner narratives, as well as the existing belles-lettres in criminology, gerontology, and social work, reveal that older adults involved with the criminal justice system have complex biological, psychological, emotional, social, and legal concerns.In the absence of holistic approaches that address these two-dimensional needs, the health and public assistance of older prisoners whitethorn be compromised and their risk of recidivism whitethorn be heightened (Human Rights Watch, 2012 James & Glaze, 2006 Kinsella, 2004 Maruschak, 2008 Nunez-Neto, 2008). In this context, individual, social, and structural factors that affect aging prisoners and their life line of merchandise function must be targeted in order to provide effective life course prevention and intervention efforts.Currently, there is a theoretical gap in understanding the complexity of the multi-level factors that contribute to this aging prisoner crisis. Interdisciplinary professionals lack a holistic and integrated amaze that will permit them to deepen their understanding about the psychological, social, and structural issues that inform appropriate interdisciplinary responses to this under fire(predicate) population. In order to address this gap, we have developed a new interv ention model Social environmental science of Health and Well-Being (SEHW) A Process Model for Human function and Development (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011).Model Overview As shown in Figure 1, this model conceptualizes life course human agency (in the direct center of the model). Life course human agency is a key human rights and social justice 16 construct that spans individual self-determination and social structure. Structural approaches to social problems such as the aging prisoner crisis should be designed in a functional way to help foster health and well-being across the life course. We will describe and apply this model that is well-suited for designing third-dimensional legal opinion, prevention, and ntervention efforts, including those occurring in spite of appearance the context of the current aging prisoner crisis. Figure 1 Social Ecology of Health and Well-Being A Process Model For Human Agency and Development Social Structures and Human Agency In our model, social str uctures are conceptualized as influencing human agency, including life course criminal justice involvement and overall health and well-being. When social structures, including relevant social policies, have the goals of fair and just societal conditions and the full recognition of human rights, individuals can exercise their freedoms in an 17 nimpeded environment. When social policies, such as punitive criminal justice policies, result in unfair consequences such as warehousing prisoners until they reach old age or die in prison, they impede individual prisoners right to self-determination. Fostering personal sanction and festering over the life course whitethorn enhance capacities for self-actualization and fulfillment, even in the presence of disadvantaging social structures.Older adults in prison, who suffer the loss of personal autonomy as well as multiple other losses and traumas over the life course, may find new pathways to personal growth and resilience, especially as t hey re-enter society and are integrated as members of their communities (Morrissey, 2011b Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Historical Time Additional factors that can impede the realization of individuals full potential across the life course include historic time at the individual and collective level.A persons historical time, for example, may include being a victim of trauma (Maschi et al. , 2011 Stojkovic, 2007). Collective historical time may include being part of a coevals in which many individuals became victims of detrimental policies such as the 1980s when stricter sentencing policies mandated longitudinal prison sentences and resulted in many individuals suffering, growing old, and possibly dying in prison. On the more productive side, collective historical time may also facilitate human agency and development.An example includes the wide-scale adoption of public health and treatment approaches, such as the growing mental health recovery movement (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Th e implication of using a proactive approach with aging prisoners is that it can lead to the improvement of the overall health and well-being of older adult offenders in prison and in the community. 18 Practice and Stakeholder Contexts Practice and stakeholder contexts also influence individuals life course human agency. These contexts may be found when individuals encounter barriers to needed services, such as mental health or housing.These barriers might place an individual, such as an older adult reentering prison from the community, at risk of ongoing homelessness, decompensation, and/or recidivism (Snyder et al. , 2009 Nunez-Neto, 2008). index number Dynamics Power dynamics are perhaps the most(prenominal) critical luck of our model. Power dynamics manifest themselves at individual and societal levels in the form of intentional or unintentional oppression, lack of awareness, and/or human rights violations, such as in the domains of equal access to employment, social security, housing, and/ or fair treatment in the criminal justice system.Additionally, structural barriers based on personal characteristics, such as age and race , may subjugate some groups more than others. This status disadvantage may have a cumulative effect over the life course. In the case of aging prisoners, evidence suggests that the disproportionate confinement of minorities may increase with age (Maschi & Morrissey. 2011). These structural barriers result in disadvantaging subordinate groups when it comes to fairness in the criminal justice system.These subordinate groups may be most at risk of receiving longer sentences that necessitates they grow old in prison. Disadvantaged groups, such as individuals living in poverty or racial minorities who are at a higher risk of long-term incarceration, may be impeded from achieving their full potential and well-being. They also would be more at risk of health-related decline associated with the long-term poor conditions of confinement (Hum an Rights Watch, 2012 Maschi, Kwak, Ko, & Morrissey, 2012). 19Interdisciplinary Perspectives Our SEHW model describes co-constructed interdisciplinary postures (e. g. , medical, social work, criminal justice, and public health) that help conceptualize and translate into practice more holistic, global responses, including to the international aging prisoner crisis. Multiple thoughts that can inform an effective response to complex social problems, such as aging prisoners, are guided by the following perspectives human rights, social justice and critical date theories as well as life course, social environmental science, and public health perspectives.Human rights, social justice and critical conflict theories are used to help inform issues of human rights and social justice (Mullaly, 2010 Wronka, 2008), especially as they relate to human rights violations and social injustices that have resulted in social problems, such as the neglect and mistreatment of aging prisoners (Maschi e t al. , 2011 Snyder et al. , 2007 Stojkovic, 2007 UN, 1948). The social ecology perspective enables a more holistic view of social problems and recognition of interlocking service systems.In the case of aging prisoners, this perspective allows for the assessment of incidental and/or concurrent service use patterns of individuals throughout the life course. In the case of sequential service use patterns of older adults in prison, the lack of access to mental health or housing services may have put them at risk for criminal justice involvement. Additionally, an assessment of access to current service use may identify gaps in needed services, such as substance abuse treatment while in prison.The life course perspective is another key component of the model because it can be used to illuminate the complexities of human agency and how social and structural factors can facilitate or hinder development over the life course, (Elder, 2003). The life course perspective can be integrated with social science theories from criminology, sociology, and psychology and used to 20 explain psychological, social, and criminogenic factors that influence an individuals life course health and well-being and criminal justice involvement (e. . , Sampson & Laub, 2003). The public health perspective complements and builds upon the aforesaid(prenominal) perspectives by adding a population-based approach for prevention and intervention that digestes on older adults health and well-being and criminal justice involvement (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Evidence-Based Practices and Policies Evidence-based practice and policies provide a framework that houses these multiple perspectives, and methods to evaluate the effectiveness of practice and policies.Evidence-based practice and policy strategies allow professionals to plan and monitor process and outcomes of interventions, including older adults health and well-being and risk of and/or involvement in the criminal justice system. Values and E thics Personal and professional values and ethics inform all aspects of the model. Values and ethics are essential to any word of honor of social problems because appropriate assessment and treatment responses to problems are not value-free.Instead, a process of valuing that is multidimensional involving cognitive, emotional, social, cultural and other dimensions is embedded in both personal and professional practices and policies, and in the decision processes of the vulnerable older adults whom we serve (Morrissey, 2011a). Making discussion of values and ethics explicit helps to ensure compassionate treatment for all persons, in this case aging prisoners, while also balancing societal concerns including public health and safety and offender accountability. Applying the Model In applying the SEHW model to an aging prisoner population, it is important to recognize that 21 risons and communities constitute social environments that have their own unique social ecology that can foste r or inhibit the health and well-being of its inhabitants. For example, poor conditions of confinement may inhibit health and well-being of aging prisoners. Adopting evidence-based treatments as an approach or intervention may help to foster change in the ecological environment and promote well-being (Maschi et al. , 2011). As seen in the case of aging prisoners, both the prison and community environments are oftentimes lacking in initiatives that promote health and well-being or older ex-offenders are denied access to them.Moreover, for community reintegration or prison reentry programs that serve older ex-offenders must take into account all of these social structural factors in order to be successful. Designing and assessing existing interventions that target the personal, cultural and structural levels factors that contribute to social problems, such as the aging prisoner population should be key components of program design (Maschi & Morrissey 2011 Mullaly, 2010 Nunez-Neto, 20 08). This model may be used to understand the larger conceptual picture undergirding the aging of prisoners. References Elder, G. 2003). The effect and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds. ), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3-21). New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Human Rights Watch (2012). Old behind bars. Retrieved January 30, 2012 from http//www. hrw. org/reports/2012/01/27/old-behind-bars James, D. J. , & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. (NCJ Publication No. 213600). Rockville, MD U. S. Department of Justice. Kinsella, C. (2004). Correctional health care costs. Lexington, KY Council of State Governments. Maruschak, L.M. (2008). Medical problems of prisoners (NCJ Publication No. 221740). Rockville, MD US Department of Justice. London, England Author. 22 Maschi, T. , Dennis, K. , Gibson, S. , MacMillan, T. , Sternberg, S. , & Hom, M. (2011). Trauma and stress among older adults in the crimina l justice system A refreshen of the writings with implications for social work. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 54, 347-360. Maschi, T. , Kwak, J. , Ko, E. J. , & Morrissey, M. (2012). Forget me not Dementia in prisons. The Gerontologist. doi 10. 1093/geront/gnr131 Maschi, T. & Morrissey (2011).A social ecology of health and well-being for incarcerated older adults An international process and practice model for recovery and reintegration (unpublished manuscript). Morrissey, M. B. (2011a). Phenomenology of twinge and suffering at the end of life A humanistic perspective in gerontological health and social work. Journal of Social Work in End-ofLife and Palliative Care, 7(1), 14-38. Morrissey, M. B. (2011b). Suffering and decision making among severely ill elderly women. Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, New York, NY. Retrieved December 7, 2011 from http//avoserv. ibrary. fordham. edu/login? url=http//search. proquest. com. avoserv. library. f ordham. edu/docview/8 75564465? accountid=10932 Mullaly, B. (2010). dispute oppression and confronting privilege (2nd ed. ). New York Oxford University Press. Nunez-Neto, B. (2008). Offender reentry Correctional statistics, reintegration into the community, and recidivism A CRS report for congress. Retrieved fromhttp//lieberman. senate. gov/assets/pdf/crs/offenderreentry. pdf Sampson, R. J. , & Laub, J. H. (2003). Life-course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70.Criminology, 41, 555-592. Snyder, C. , van Wormer, K. , Chada, J. , & Jaggers, J. (2009). Older adult inmates The challenges for social work. Social Work, 54, 117124. Stojkovic, S. (2007) Elderly prisoners A growing and forgotten group within correctional systems vulnerable to elder abuse, Journal of Elder ill-usage and Neglect, 19(3) 97-117. United Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from September 1, 2011 from http//www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/ Wronka, J. (2008). Human rights and social justice Social action and service for the helping and health professions.Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. 23 CHAPTER 3 White Paper Overview and Recommendations By Russ Immarigeon, MSW* commence I Introduction and Overview The articles and briefs in this White Paper on aging prisoners focus on different aspects of older offenders involvement with the corrections process, jail and prison confinement in particular, as well as their overall health and well-being. This White Paper builds on earlier works on aging prisoners by using an interdisciplinary perspective in addressing public health, human rights and social justice issues associated with aging prisoners.Selected topics are covered in the White Paper that address gaps in the literature or build knowledge and delve more deeply into comparatively uncharted areas such as trauma, mental health, palliative care, and interdisciplinary practice with older adults in prison. This white paper compliments the existin g literature that focuses solely on the criminal justice aspects of aging prisoners. As has been noted in the introduction, most of these articles and briefs were originally demoed at a Fordham University Aging Prisoner Forum on October 8, 2011.Many of them were presented to an invited roundtable of leading academics, researchers, and practitioners. A number of these academics and practitioners agreed to have their work published in this free and available white paper. In releasing these papers to a broader constituency, we hope that they will be able to use the information provided in this volume to foster constructive dialogue about aging prisoners among scholars and practitioners as well as to develop or improve research, practice, and policy with older adults in prison. In our introduction to this collection, Tina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Russ Immarigeon, and Samantha L.Sutfin highlight the growing crisis of aging prisoners in the 24 United States. Reviewing more than 200 l etters from elderly offenders, we describe their pathways to prison, nerve-wracking prison conditions, and community reentry experiences. In addition, we note, This collection will provide readers with a broad-based understanding of how psychosocial and structural issues have influenced the creation of and growth of the aging prisoner population. It also provides practical recommendations for policy and legal reform, program and policy development and improvement, and interdisciplinary practice strategies. Conceptual Model In the opening article, social work faculty member and researcher and president-elect of the National Organization of rhetorical Social Workers (NOFSW) Tina Maschi, and public health law and social work researcher Mary Beth Morrissey of the Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service offer Social Ecology of Health and Well-Being (SEHW) as a process model for deepening our understanding of the psychological, social, and structural issues that inform appr opriate interdisciplinary responses to aging offenders.Part II Public Health, Mental Health, and Palliative and End-of-Life Care Issues Seven articles and briefs in this section address the physical and mental health care and end-oflife needs of aging prisoners. Mary Beth Morrissey, Tina Maschi and Junghee Han describe ethical and palliative responses to seriously ill elderly prisoners, stressing the importance of defining the conditions of these prisoners as a public health crisis. Moreover, action steps are necessary that establish an extract of palliative care philosophies, therapeutic models of care, training, and practices in settings across the care continuum for aging prisoners. Tina Maschi, Jung Kwak, Eujung Ko, and Mary Beth Morrissey follow with an apt discussion of dementia among older prisoners based on their article published in The Gerontologist. 25 The white paper also addresses the often overlooked issue of trauma among older adults in prison. In a series of short s ynopses, Tina Maschi and colleagues report on their survey 19 journal articles for the Journal of Gerontological Social Work, and findings from their study for The Gerontologist on the relationship between age, trauma, and stressful life events.In the latter, the authors discovered a history of distress- and trauma-related events in the lives of prisoners, many of whom were likely to be released from prison in due time. It is clear based on these papers that older adults have a high frequency of being victims and/or witnesses to violence. In addition, they have unique stressors related to aging including stress over declining health and being victimized or dying while in prison. Additionally, research results provide preliminary evidence of connections between a history of earlier life trauma and later life mental health symptoms among older adults in prison.In another article, New Jersey psychologist Keith Morgen, currently the Secretary for the International Association of Addict ions and Offender Counselors, argues for more research related to substance abuse disorders in older prisoners. According to Morgen, the lack of such research impedes effective treatment and lose services for older offenders in prison, on parole, or in reentry. Importantly, Mary T. Harrison, Karen Kopera-Frye, and William O.Harrison offer a lengthy description of True Grit, a Nevada prison-based structured living program that has been in operation successfully for nearly a decade. As the authors note, An important indicator of success is that there has been a zero-percent recidivism rate among the parolees from the True Grit program this far. The sense of community and of on the job(p) together toward a common goal, coupled with the rehabilitative and bio-psychological aspects of the program have enabled these men to reenter the free world. The collaboration between this Senior 26Structured Living Program, its volunteers, and removed agencies has increased the possibility of diff icult placements. Part III Criminal Justice Policies and Practices This next section of the white paper addresses head on criminal justice policies and practices from sentencing to prisoner reentry. The six articles and briefs in this section cover the costs of incarceration, the impact of disproportionate sanctioning, the challenges older prisoners confront in prison as well as during community reintegration, and the context of advocating for aging prisoners.Azrini Wahidin of puffs University in Belfast highlights challenges confronting the management of aging women prisoners health and social care needs, including the need for elder-oriented gender-specific practice guidelines and for increased training of criminal justice personnel. She also recommends the collection of relevant age-specific selective information, the expansion of programs for older prisoners, and study of the cost of incarcerating older offenders. Kathleen Auerhahn of Temple University assesses the impact of s entencing practices, including mandatory three strikes legislation, on the outturn of elder prison populations.She notes, Devoting an increasing proportion of scarce carceral resources to housing an ever-growing population of lowrisk individuals undermines the ability to provide protection from those offenders who do threaten public safety. Margaret E. Leigey of The College of New Jersey examines the biological, psychological, and social factors associated with older prisoners reintegrating into communitybased settings. In particular, she appraises the literature on post-release adjustment,, reunification with community networks, access to medical care, securing housing, obtaining employment, recidivism, and programs for older offenders. 7 Tina Chiu of the Vera Institute of Justice reports four factors related to the intent and impact of geriatric release laws political considerations and public opinion narrow eligibility criteria procedures that discourage prisoners from applyin g for release and complicated, lengthy referral and review processes. Susan McCarter describes the rippled implications of disproportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system for older prisoners. Russ Immarigeon, an editor of Offender Programs Report, provides a historical overview of advocacy efforts affecting older prisoners.He notes, The critical point, in terms of advocating on behalf of elderly offenders or prisoners, including diversion and deinstitutionalization efforts, is more a matter of clear focus than of creating new options. Opportunities exist within current criminal justice and corrections structures to divert and deinstitutionalize elderly offenders. We need to focus our attention on this objective. Part IV Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Community Partnerships The final section addresses the often overlooked issue of interdisciplinary collaboration and community partnerships when it comes to addressing the issue of aging prisoners.Three articles a nd briefs in the final section of this collection address social work and older prisoners, interdisciplinary and collaborative practices, and practice implications that emerge from personal and professional contact patterns within prisons. Melvin Wilson of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) describes service coordination and other challenges facing those who work with older offenders in American jails and prisons. picking a gap in the literature on personal and professional contacts of aging prisoners, Mary Beth Morrissey, Samantha L.Sutfin, and Tina Maschi review data collected from elderly New Jersey prisoners, finding that medical services, not psychological or social services, were most frequently used, although not always with satisfaction. These authors report, Perhaps the 28 most troubling of findings is that older adults had minimal contact with family members from the community. Given that evidence that family social support is an important aspect of success ful coping for older adults in prison, those older adults that do not have the opportunity to have visits or phone contact may place their well-being at risk. Lastly, Tina Maschi, Mary Beth Morrissey, Samantha L. Sutfin, and Manoj Pardasani explore the implications of interdisciplinary collaboration for practice with community-based older offenders. Analyzing secondary data from NASWs 2004 National Study of Licensed Social Workers, these authors report that offenders frequently had multiple presenting problems, including chronic disease, grief and bereavement issues, end-of-life and palliative concerns, dementia issues, and phencyclidine hydrochloride concerns. Interdisciplinary work was common, especially between social workers and health care professionals.Issues and Recommendations In the course of their work, the multiple authors of these articles and briefs make a host of policy, practice, and research recommendations. Key items among them are the following Past and current tr auma and stress are highly prevalent among aging prisoner populations. Older adults in prison with past times and current trauma are at risk for adverse mental health problems which may be exacerbated by the prison environment. A variety of age-related mental health problems, such as dementia, are higher among older prisoner populations compared to their community counterparts.There clearly is a need for a more gero-sensitive, trauma- intercommunicate mental health treatment that addresses trauma and stress, and age-related mental health issues, such as dementia. Older male and pistillate prisoners should be dealt with differently. More gender sensitive approaches for male and female incarcerated older adults are warranted. 29 The aging prison population has resulted in green goddess incarceration. Legal reforms should be considered that abate the production of elderly prisoner populations With the increase of aging prisoners, there is a reality that a sizable number will die in prison. Integration of palliative care approaches into prisons and community reentry programs including advance care planning and pain care and management can improve elderly prisoners quality of life and help to prevent and placate suffering among seriously ill prisoners. Additionally, the introduction and promotion of shared informed decision making models can improve communication and holistic, coordinated care services in corrections Older adults in prison often have minimal contact with their family members. Family involvement can improve the well-being of often isolated older prisoners. Therefore, more family programming is needed in corrections for older adults in prison Older adult prisoner have different developmental needs than younger prisoners. More age-specific programming is needed across the United States, such as geriatric care units, including palliative and hospice services Housing older adults in prison is costly.Monitoring, reporting, and military rating stra tegies can enhance the safety and sensibility of geriatric release practices and Many elderly male and female prisoners can be diverted or released from prison without undue risk to public safety. Policies such as compassionate release should be adopted and used. Social workers, the authors of many of these articles and briefs agree, have the skills and values necessary for linking the diverse service needs of aging prisoners. 30As a collective, these authors offer a forum to further the dialogue concerning aging prisoners health, mental health, and criminal justice issues. A major objective of this volume was to put a name to the face of aging prisoners and underscore the human rights and social justice issues evident in the aging prisoner crisis. The chapters written by well-respected academics and practitioners included in this volume clearly demonstrate that this objective was achieved. *Russ Immarigeon is Editor of Offender Programs Report. 31 PART II PUBLIC HEALTH, MENTAL HEA LTH AND PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE ISSUES 2 CHAPTER 4 Developing Ethical and Palliative Responses to Suffering Among Seriously Ill Aging Prisoners Content Analysis Implications and Action Steps Mary Beth Morrissey, Tina Maschi, and Junghee Han Defining Public Health Problem and its order Prison heightens the pain and suffering of prisoners aging into their later years get rid of the social and relational supports of community-dwelling older adults. Overcrowding and marginalized access to appropriate diagnosis, treatment, preventive care, and mental health services, severely limit the health and well-being of aging prisoners.The magnitude and severity of these unacceptable conditions are amply evident in the nations prison systems and oftentimes rise to the level of constitutional violations of prisoners rights, as demonstrated by the recent holding of the US Supreme Court in dark-brown v Plata (2011) affirming a lower court decision ordering calcium to release over 40,000 pr isoners because of findings of dangerous overcrowding and grossly inadequate provision of medical and mental health care (p. ) that caused needless suffering and death (p. 3) in the states prisons. Older adults in prison are at high risk for co-occurring (substance abuse and mental health) disorders and dementia (Maschi, Kwak, Ko & Morrissey, 2012). About 52% will die of a chronic illness, such as HIV/AIDS, heart and lung disease, and dementia (Maschi, Kwak, Ko, & Morrissey, 2012 Carson & Noonan, 2011). The seriousness of such public health problems among aging prisoners is range crisis proportions.The population of adults aged 50 and older is a rapidly growing subgroup of the prison population with complex medical needs, chronic illnesses, and disabilities. This public health crisis calls for comprehensive populationbased strategies that focus on prevention, care, 33 education, and research (Institute of Medicine, 2011 Morrissey, Brown-Borg, de Cabo & Silverstein, 2011). The urgen cy of the care needs of older adults in prison requires interdisciplinary collaborative action to bring relief to their experiences of pain and suffering.The prison system all too often creates social and health care injustices for vulnerable human beings at the end-oflife, imposing an ethical and moral obligation upon interdisciplinary professionals, scholars, and advocates in the criminal justice system and larger community to abet and collaborate in building a movement that will deliver more humane and empathic care to suffering older prisoners.The home for such a movement draws on the values and practice of community reintegration, restorative justice and human rights, including affirming the dignity of and respect for every human person, promoting the well-being of all members of the community based upon shared responsibility and accountability, and workings toward peace (Maschi & Morrissey, 2011). Content Analysis This content analysis of the theoretical and verifiable lit erature evaluates available research evidence on public health and health care prevention strategies and interventions that address the aging prisoner crisis.In the past decade, the number of hospice programs in the United States has grown to about 75, such as those at state prisons in Iowa and Louisiana (Maschi et al. , 2012). What is unique about these programs is that in some cases they have introduced and adopted interdisciplinary collaboration and peer support practices in the delivery of health services (Harrison & Benedetti, 2009). Despite these promising practices to date, there has been little research done in this area to